scholarly journals Evolution of insect olfactory receptors

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Missbach ◽  
Hany KM Dweck ◽  
Heiko Vogel ◽  
Andreas Vilcinskas ◽  
Marcus C Stensmyr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory System ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Thermobia Domestica ◽  
Olfactory Sense ◽  
Animal Phyla ◽  
Olfactory Organs ◽  
Very High ◽  
High Diversity

The olfactory sense detects a plethora of behaviorally relevant odor molecules; gene families involved in olfaction exhibit high diversity in different animal phyla. Insects detect volatile molecules using olfactory (OR) or ionotropic receptors (IR) and in some cases gustatory receptors (GRs). While IRs are expressed in olfactory organs across Protostomia, ORs have been hypothesized to be an adaptation to a terrestrial insect lifestyle. We investigated the olfactory system of the primary wingless bristletail Lepismachilis y-signata (Archaeognatha), the firebrat Thermobia domestica (Zygentoma) and the neopteran leaf insect Phyllium siccifolium (Phasmatodea). ORs and the olfactory coreceptor (Orco) are with very high probability lacking in Lepismachilis; in Thermobia we have identified three Orco candidates, and in Phyllium a fully developed OR/Orco-based system. We suggest that ORs did not arise as an adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle, but evolved later in insect evolution, with Orco being present before the appearance of ORs.

Costs and Benefits of the Transition to Low-carbon Economyin Russia: Perspectives up to 2050

2014 ◽  
pp. 70-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bashmakov ◽  
A. Myshak
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Emissions Mitigation ◽  
Very High

This paper investigates costs and benefits associated with low-carbon economic development pathways realization to the mid XXI century. 30 scenarios covering practically all “visions of the future” were developed by several research groups based on scenario assumptions agreed upon in advance. It is shown that with a very high probability Russian energy-related GHG emissions will reach the peak before 2050, which will be at least 11% below the 1990 emission level. The height of the peak depends on portfolio of GHG emissions mitigation measures. Efforts to keep 2050 GHG emissions 25-30% below the 1990 level bring no GDP losses. GDP impact of deep GHG emission reduction - by 50% of the 1990 level - varies from plus 4% to minus 9%. Finally, very deep GHG emission reduction - by 80% - may bring GDP losses of over 10%.

scholarly journals Olfactory processing in the lateral horn of Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 383 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-123
Author(s):  
Sudeshna Das Chakraborty ◽  
Silke Sachse
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Olfactory Behavior ◽  
Lateral Horn ◽  
Behavioral Decision ◽  
Animal Phyla ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Almost All

AbstractSensing olfactory signals in the environment represents a crucial and significant task of sensory systems in almost all organisms to facilitate survival and reproduction. Notably, the olfactory system of diverse animal phyla shares astonishingly many fundamental principles with regard to anatomical and functional properties. Binding of odor ligands by chemosensory receptors present in the olfactory peripheral organs leads to a neuronal activity that is conveyed to first and higher-order brain centers leading to a subsequent odor-guided behavioral decision. One of the key centers for integrating and processing innate olfactory behavior is the lateral horn (LH) of the protocerebrum in insects. In recent years the LH of Drosophila has garnered increasing attention and many studies have been dedicated to elucidate its circuitry. In this review we will summarize the recent advances in mapping and characterizing LH-specific cell types, their functional properties with respect to odor tuning, their neurotransmitter profiles, their connectivity to pre-synaptic and post-synaptic partner neurons as well as their impact for olfactory behavior as known so far.

scholarly journals The Genomic Geography and Evolution of Clusters of Tandemly Duplicated Genes in the Human and Mammal Genomes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan F Ortiz ◽  
Antonis Rokas
Keyword(s):  
Human Chromosome ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Duplicated Genes ◽  
Chromosome 19 ◽  
Fusion Event ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Mammalian Genomes ◽  
Human Chromosome 19

Clusters of duplicated genes (CTDGs) are nearly ubiquitous in life's genomes, and are associated with several well-known gene families, such as olfactory receptors, zinc fingers, and immunity-related genes, as well as with several highly variable traits, including olfaction, body plan architecture, and pathogen resistance. However, these observations are usually anecdotal, restricted to specific cases, and lacking evolutionary context. In this study, we use a robust statistical approach to characterize the CTDG repertoire and analyze the distribution of CTDGs across 18 mammal genomes, including human. We found that, on average, 18% of the genes in each species are parts of CTDGs. Although genes in CTDGs are enriched for several biological processes, these tend to be involved in the interactions between the organism and its environment. We further found that mammalian CTDGs are not uniformly distributed across chromosomes and that orthologs of the human chromosome 19 are among the most clustered chromosomes in nearly all mammalian genomes analyzed. We also found evidence that the human chromosome 19 was formed by a fusion event that occurred before the diversification of the rodent and primate lineages and maintained its high density of CTDGs during its subsequent evolution. Finally, using chromosome-level alignments across mammalian genomes, we show how the syntenic regions of the human chromosome 19 have been shrinking, increasing their gene density and possibly increasing the compactness of its CTDGs. These results suggest that CTDGs are a major feature of mammalian genomes and provide novel insights into the origin and evolution of regions with unusually high densities of CTDGs.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: how to identify, what to do and how to treat?

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-89
Author(s):  
I. N. Zakharova ◽  
I. V. Berezhnaya ◽  
E. B. Mumladze
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Pseudomembranous Colitis ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Pediatric Practice ◽  
Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Very High

Rational antibiotic therapy is one of the most important components in the treatment of children with various infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, wide and sometimes unjustified use of AB in pediatric practice often leads to the development of a variety of complications. Children receiveing AB, especially during the first 5 years of life, are at a very high risk of developing antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) which manifests itself in three or more episodes of unformed stools for two or more consecutive days or for 8 weeks after withdrawal. The most relevant pathogen of AAD is C. difficile which, according to various data, causes from 10 to 25% of AAD cases and 90 to 100% of all cases of pseudomembranous colitis (PMC). Given the high probability of developing dangerous complications such as PMC, special attention should be paid to the prevention of the infection associated with C. difficile by reducing the frequency of uncontrolled and unjustified use of AB. A new generation of eco-antibiotics can be recommended which allow to maintain diversity of the intestinal microbiota and are less likely to cause complications.

Evolution and Expansion of Flowering Plants

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 209-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott L. Wing
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Earth History ◽  
Very High ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Environmental Disruption

Flowering plants are a classic example of a group arising late in Earth history and yet achieving very high diversity, abundance, and ecological and morphological variety in a great array of environments and climatic conditions on all continents. Thus, the success of flowering plants raises basic questions about how new lineages become inserted into existing terrestrial ecosystems. To what degree did flowering plants replace older lineages competitively, and to what extent did their expansion depend on large-scale environmental disruption or extinction of older groups? Is the higher taxonomic diversity of flowering plants a consequence of higher rates of speciation, lower rates of extinction, or both? Have flowering plants expanded the total area and range of habitats occupied by terrestrial vegetation? What were the effects of the diversification and spread of flowering plants on the structure of habitats and the types of resources available to terrestrial heterotrophs?

Single Cell Spike Activity in the Olfactory Bulb

1956 ◽  
Vol 186 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond R. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Spike Activity ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Class I ◽  
Olfactory Stimulation ◽  
Fundamental Characteristic ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Discharge Patterns

Studies of single-cell spike discharges in the olfactory bulb of the rabbit indicate the presence of three classes of neurons as characterized by their discharge patterns. Cells of class I discharge continuously and spontaneously; class II cells discharge intermittently in bursts, in synchrony with the passage of air through the nose. Cells of classes I and II are unmodified during olfactory stimulation. It appears there are many cells in the olfactory bulb whose discharge patterns are unrelated to excitation of the olfactory receptors by odors. Cells of class III respond to appropriate odors; the response of such cells to some odors and not others indicates that odor specificity is a fundamental characteristic of the olfactory system.

scholarly journals Interneuron Diversity: Toward a Better Understanding of Interneuron Development In the Olfactory System

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117906951982605
Author(s):  
Chi-Jen Yang ◽  
Kuo-Ting Tsai ◽  
Nan-Fu Liou ◽  
Ya-Hui Chou
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory System ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Intrinsic Properties ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Local Interneurons ◽  
Olfactory Interneurons ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Interneuron Development

The Drosophila olfactory system is an attractive model for exploring the wiring logic of complex neural circuits. Remarkably, olfactory local interneurons exhibit high diversity and variability in their morphologies and intrinsic properties. Although olfactory sensory and projection neurons have been extensively studied of development and wiring; the development, mechanisms for establishing diversity, and integration of olfactory local interneurons into the developing circuit remain largely undescribed. In this review, we discuss some challenges and recent advances in the study of Drosophila olfactory interneurons.

scholarly journals Effects of genetic polymorphism in Pit1, GH, GHR and KCN3 on milk yield and body weight of Khuzestan (Iran) water buffaloes

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meysam Ahmadzadeh ◽  
Farzad Rashidi ◽  
Hamed Amirpour Najafabadi ◽  
Amir Jaferian ◽  
Shahin Eghbalsaied
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Water Buffaloes ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Ghr Gene ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Very High ◽  
High Diversity

Background: Genetic information is necessary to devise strategic plans aimed to improve the genetic merit of buffalos. Objective: To assess the effect of genetic polymorphisms in GH, Pit-1, GHR, GHRHR, and KCN3 genes on milk production and body weight of Khuzestan water buffaloes. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 60 buffaloes from the Khuzestan province, Iran. Using the PCR-RFLP technique, the amplified and digested fragments of GH/AluI, GHR/AluI, GHRHR/ HaeIII, Pit1/HinfI, and KCN3/HindIII were genotyped. Results: All animals were monomorphic for GHRHR. The frequency of mutant alleles for GH, GHR, KCN3, and Pit1 was 47.5, 74.2, 49.2, and 51.7%, respectively. There were significant differences (p<0.0001) in the genotypic frequencies of GH, GHR, and Pit1 between high and low milk-yielding buffaloes. The GH (p=0.0002), GHR (p<0.0001) and Pit1 (p<0.0001) polymorphisms also had significant effects on body weight. Sequencing results revealed the presence of C496A, G495A, G498A and C1501T SNPs in the GH, and G1702T in the GHR gene of Khuzestan buffalos. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of GH, GHR, and Pit1 on milk production and body weight of Khuzestan buffaloes. The results suggest that devising an integrated breeding plan in Khuzestan water buffalos can considerably benefit from the very high diversity in candidate genes.Keywords: animal breeding, casein, genetic variation, growth hormone, milk production, SNP. ResumenAntecedentes: La información genética es necesaria para diseñar planes estratégicos con el objeto de mejorar el mérito genético de los búfalos. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de los polimorfismos genéticos en los genes GH, Pit-1, GHR, GHRHR y KCN3 sobre la producción láctea y peso corporal de búfalos de agua de la provincia de Juzestán, Iran. Métodos: Se recolectaron 60 muestras de sangre de búfalos de la provincia de Juzestán, en Irán. Los fragmentos amplificados y digeridos de GH/AluI, GHR/AluI, GHRHR/HaeIII, Pit1/HinfI y KCN3/HindIII fueron clasificados genotípicamente, utilizando la técnica PCR-RFLP. Resultados: Todos los animales fueron monomórficos para el gen GHRHR. La frecuencia alélica de alelos mutantes para los genes GH, GHR, KCN3 y Pit1 fue 47,5, 74,2, 49,2 y 51,7%, respectivamente. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,0001) en las frecuencias genotípicas de GH, GHR y Pit1 entre búfalos de alta y baja producción. El efecto del polimorfismo GH (p=0,0002), GHR (p<0,0001) y Pit1 (p<0,0001) también fue significativo para peso corporal. Los resultados de la secuenciación revelaron la presencia de SNPs C496A, G495A, G498A y C1501T en GH, y G1702T en el gen GHR. Conclusiones: Este estudio resalta la importancia de los genes GH, GHR y Pit1 sobre la producción de leche y el peso corporal de búfalos de Juzestán. Los resultados sugieren que la elaboración de un plan de cruzamiento integrado en búfalos de agua de Juzestán puede beneficiarse considerablemente de la gran diversidad de genes candidatos.Palabras clave: caseína, hormona del crecimiento, producción de leche, reproducción animal, SNP, variación genética. ResumoAntecedentes: Determinação informações genéticas é o passo crítico para elaborar planos estratégicos com o objetivo de melhorar o mérito genético dos búfalos. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de polimorfismos genéticos nos genes GH, Pit-1, GHR, GHRHR e KCN3 na produção de leite e no peso corporal dos búfalos de água do Cuzistão, Irã. Métodos: Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 60 búfalos da província de Cuzistão, no Irã. Utilizando a técnica PCR-RFLP, os fragmentos amplificados e digeridos de GH/AluI, GHR/AluI, GHRHR/HaeIII, Pit1/HinfI e KCN3/HindIII foram genotipados. Resultados: Todos os animais eram monomórficos para o gene GHRHR. A freqüência alélica de alelos mutantes para os genes GH, GHR, KCN3 e Pit1 foi 47,5, 74,2, 49,2 e 51,7%, respectivamente. Uma diferença significativa (p<0,0001) foi encontrada nas freqüências genotípicas de os genes GH, GHR e Pit1 entre búfalos de alta e baixa produção. O efeito do polimorfismo GH (p=0,0002), GHR (p<0,0001) e Pit1 (p<0,0001) também foi significativo para o peso corporal. Os resultados da sequenciação revelaram a presença de SNPs C496A, G495A, G498A e C1501T no GH, e G1702T no gene GHR dos buffalos do Cuzistão. Conclusões: Este estudo destacou a importância da GH, GHR e Pit1 na produção de leite e no peso corporal de buffalos do Cuzistão. Os resultados sugerem que a elaboração de um plano de melhoramiento genético integrado em búfalos de água do Cuzistão pode beneficiar consideravelmente da grande diversidade de genes candidatos.Palavras-chave: caseína, hormônio do crescimento, produção de leite, reprodução animal, SNP, variação genética.

scholarly journals The role of SNMPs in insect olfaction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Cassau ◽  
Jürgen Krieger
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Insect Olfaction ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Odorant Binding ◽  
Encoding Genes

AbstractThe sense of smell enables insects to recognize olfactory signals crucial for survival and reproduction. In insects, odorant detection highly depends on the interplay of distinct proteins expressed by specialized olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and associated support cells which are housed together in chemosensory units, named sensilla, mainly located on the antenna. Besides odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and olfactory receptors, so-called sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) are indicated to play a critical role in the detection of certain odorants. SNMPs are insect-specific membrane proteins initially identified in pheromone-sensitive OSNs of Lepidoptera and are indispensable for a proper detection of pheromones. In the last decades, genome and transcriptome analyses have revealed a wide distribution of SNMP-encoding genes in holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects, with a given species expressing multiple subtypes in distinct cells of the olfactory system. Besides SNMPs having a neuronal expression in subpopulations of OSNs, certain SNMP types were found expressed in OSN-associated support cells suggesting different decisive roles of SNMPs in the peripheral olfactory system. In this review, we will report the state of knowledge of neuronal and non-neuronal members of the SNMP family and discuss their possible functions in insect olfaction.

Phantom Smelling

2002 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 841-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Grouios
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Olfactory Organ ◽  
Olfactory Perception ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Normal Input

A case of phantom smelling (phantosmia) is described in a 28-yr.-old man who developed permanent bilateral anosmia after a serious injury to olfaction-related brain structures at the age of 25 years. The findings indicate that, even years after loss of input from olfactory receptors, the neural representation of olfactory perception can still recreate olfactory sensations without any conscious recall of them. This indicates that the neural representation of olfactory sensations remains functional and implies that neuronal activity in the olfactory organ or in other brain structures gives rise to olfactory experiences perceived as originating from the perception of original odor substances. The report suggests the intriguing possibility that the olfactory perception is not a passive process that merely reflects its normal input from the olfactory system but is continuously generated by a neural representation in the olfactory organ or in other olfaction-related brain structures, based on both genetic and sensory determinants. To the author's knowledge this is the first reported case of its kind.

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