scholarly journals Decision letter: Complementary shifts in photoreceptor spectral tuning unlock the full adaptive potential of ultraviolet vision in birds

2016 ◽  
eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B Toomey ◽  
Olle Lind ◽  
Rikard Frederiksen ◽  
Robert W Curley ◽  
Ken M Riedl ◽  
...  

Color vision in birds is mediated by four types of cone photoreceptors whose maximal sensitivities (λmax) are evenly spaced across the light spectrum. In the course of avian evolution, the λmax of the most shortwave-sensitive cone, SWS1, has switched between violet (λmax > 400 nm) and ultraviolet (λmax < 380 nm) multiple times. This shift of the SWS1 opsin is accompanied by a corresponding short-wavelength shift in the spectrally adjacent SWS2 cone. Here, we show that SWS2 cone spectral tuning is mediated by modulating the ratio of two apocarotenoids, galloxanthin and 11’,12’-dihydrogalloxanthin, which act as intracellular spectral filters in this cell type. We propose an enzymatic pathway that mediates the differential production of these apocarotenoids in the avian retina, and we use color vision modeling to demonstrate how correlated evolution of spectral tuning is necessary to achieve even sampling of the light spectrum and thereby maintain near-optimal color discrimination.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B Toomey ◽  
Olle Lind ◽  
Rikard Frederiksen ◽  
Robert W Curley ◽  
Ken M Riedl ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
V. A. Toptikov ◽  
O. O. Kovtun ◽  
T. G. Alekseyeva ◽  
V. M. Totskiy

Author(s):  
Е. А. Dolmatov ◽  
Т. А. Khrykina

Development of low-growing varieties is one of the prioritized directions in groups selection. Solution of excessive growth in the selection can be solved in today’s conditions by two means: on a polygenic and on a monogenic level. Up until recently such work was performed by research institutes of horticulture in the U.S.S.R. and Russian Federation only on the polygenic level. The analysis is performed for the data of 17 summer studies on the development of complex donors of monogenic determined dwarfness (gene D), high winter hardiness, group fungal disease resistance (scab, leaf spot and Septoria blight) and bright red coloration of pear fruits (gene C). On the first stage of these studies the issue of the development of population of hybrid dwarf types with high adaptive potential in the conditions of the Central Black Earth region of Russia was solved based on a hybridization of the donors of high winter hardiness and fungal disease resistance with the donors of monogenic determined dwarfness which were the descendants of 4th generation of the NainVert variety. As a result, several complex donors were selected. Its use in long-term pear selection programs would make sorting process possible on earlier stages of the ontogenesis and thanks to that would make it possible to halve the size of hybrid funds. Brief description of the complex donors is given.


2020 ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Inna Antipova ◽  
Irina Smirnova ◽  
Elena Titskaya ◽  
Oksana Pavlovna ◽  
Tatyana Tikhonova ◽  
...  

A comprehensive examination and health improvement of 40 patients has been performed using therapeutic physical factors of the sanatorium «Belokurikha», JSC «Belokurikha Resort». High incidence of overweight, hereditary burden of cardiovascular diseases, hyperglycemia, low physical activity, dyslipidemia and atherogenic cholesterol fraction has been revealed. At the same time, 60 % of the examined patients had combination of 3–4 risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, most often obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia. It is established that appointment of pathogenetically based treatment complex, including physical therapy, manual massage, general mineral baths, peloidotherapy, Nordic walking, therapy with elastic pseudo-boiling layer has signifi cant anti-infl ammatory and hypolipidemic eff ects, helps to reduce the severity of endogenous intoxication, and to increase adaptive potential.


Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (6) ◽  
pp. 73-75
Author(s):  
Akihiko Watanabe

One of the unifying traits of life on this planet is reproduction, or life's ability to make copies of itself. The mode of reproduction has evolved over time, having almost certainly begun with simple asexual reproduction when the ancestral single celled organism divided into two. Since these beginnings' life has tried out numerous strategies, and perhaps one of the most important and successful has been sexual reproduction. This form of reproduction relies on the union of gametes, otherwise known as sperm and egg. Evolutionarily, sexual reproduction allows for greater adaptive potential because the genes of two unique individuals have a chance to recombine and mix in order to produce a new individual. Unlike asexual reproduction which produces genetically-identical clones of the parent individual, sex produces offspring with novel genes and combinations of genes. Therefore, in the face of new selective pressures there is a higher chance that one of these novel genetic profiles will produce an adaptation that is advantageous in the new circumstances. Dr Akihiko Watanabe is a reproductive biologist based in the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Yamagata University in Japan, he is currently working on three research projects; a comparative study on the signalling pathways for inducing sperm motility and acrosome reaction in amphibians, the mechanism behind the adaptive modification of sperm morphology and motility, and the origin of sperm motility initiating substance (SMIS).


2021 ◽  
pp. 000276422110031
Author(s):  
Laura Robinson ◽  
Jeremy Schulz ◽  
Christopher Ball ◽  
Cara Chiaraluce ◽  
Matías Dodel ◽  
...  

The tsunami of change triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic has transformed society in a series of cascading crises. Unlike disasters that are more temporarily and spatially bounded, the pandemic has continued to expand across time and space for over a year, leaving an unusually broad range of second-order and third-order harms in its wake. Globally, the unusual conditions of the pandemic—unlike other crises—have impacted almost every facet of our lives. The pandemic has deepened existing inequalities and created new vulnerabilities related to social isolation, incarceration, involuntary exclusion from the labor market, diminished economic opportunity, life-and-death risk in the workplace, and a host of emergent digital, emotional, and economic divides. In tandem, many less advantaged individuals and groups have suffered disproportionate hardship related to the pandemic in the form of fear and anxiety, exposure to misinformation, and the effects of the politicization of the crisis. Many of these phenomena will have a long tail that we are only beginning to understand. Nonetheless, the research also offers evidence of resilience on several fronts including nimble organizational response, emergent communication practices, spontaneous solidarity, and the power of hope. While we do not know what the post COVID-19 world will look like, the scholarship here tells us that the virus has not exhausted society’s adaptive potential.


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