Molecular basis of adaptive evolution of sperm motility involved in in vivo fertilization of terrestrial animals

Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (6) ◽  
pp. 73-75
Author(s):  
Akihiko Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Acrosome Reaction ◽  
Sperm Morphology ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
The Face ◽  
Genetic Profiles

One of the unifying traits of life on this planet is reproduction, or life's ability to make copies of itself. The mode of reproduction has evolved over time, having almost certainly begun with simple asexual reproduction when the ancestral single celled organism divided into two. Since these beginnings' life has tried out numerous strategies, and perhaps one of the most important and successful has been sexual reproduction. This form of reproduction relies on the union of gametes, otherwise known as sperm and egg. Evolutionarily, sexual reproduction allows for greater adaptive potential because the genes of two unique individuals have a chance to recombine and mix in order to produce a new individual. Unlike asexual reproduction which produces genetically-identical clones of the parent individual, sex produces offspring with novel genes and combinations of genes. Therefore, in the face of new selective pressures there is a higher chance that one of these novel genetic profiles will produce an adaptation that is advantageous in the new circumstances. Dr Akihiko Watanabe is a reproductive biologist based in the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Yamagata University in Japan, he is currently working on three research projects; a comparative study on the signalling pathways for inducing sperm motility and acrosome reaction in amphibians, the mechanism behind the adaptive modification of sperm morphology and motility, and the origin of sperm motility initiating substance (SMIS).

scholarly journals Pengaruh Jus Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum L) terhadap Kualitas Sperma Mencit yang Diberi Paparan Asap Rokok Tersier

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfiani Triamullah ◽  
Yuke Andriane ◽  
Annisa Rahmah Furqaani
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Morphology ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Tomato Juice ◽  
One Way Anova

Rokok menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan antara stres oksidatif dan antioksidan pada endogen testis. Hal ini disebabkan oleh peningkatan ROS sehingga dapat menurunkan antioksidan dan menyebabkan stres oksidatif pada proses spermatogenesis yang dapat memengaruhi kualitas sperma, seperti jumlah, motilitas, dan morfologi. Hal ini dapat dihambat dengan mengurangi oksidan atau mengonsumsi antioksidan alami, berupa likopen yang terkandung dalam tomat. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui pengaruh jus tomat terhadap kualitas sperma mencit yang diberi paparan asap rokok tersier. Metode penelitian bersifat eksperimental murni in vivo dengan rancangan acak lengkap. Subjek penelitian adalah 35 ekor mencit jantan dewasa yang dibagi secara acak dan memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi lima kelompok, yaitu kelompok normal (diberi pakan biasa); K (-) (mendapat paparan asap rokok tersier); K1 (diberi jus tomat 0,16 mL/hari dan paparan asap rokok tersier); K2 (diberi jus tomat 0,32 mL/hari dan paparan asap rokok tersier); K3 (diberi jus tomat 0,64 mL/hari dan paparan asap rokok tersier), semua perlakuan ini diberikan selama 14 hari. Akhir penelitian, seluruh mencit dibedah lalu diambil testis untuk melihat kualitas sperma. Uji statistik menggunakan uji parametrik one way ANOVA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara rerata jumlah sperma antarkelompok (p>0,05), antara motilitas sperma antarkelompok (p>0,05), dan morfologi sperma antarkelompok (p<0,05). Simpulan penelitian ini jus tomat tidak memengaruhi kualitas sperma, namun tomat dapat meningkatkan jumlah sperma ke batas normal. Pemberian jus tomat yang mengandung likopen cukup tinggi dapat meningkatkan antioksidan sehingga dapat menurunkan ROS dan stres oksidatif. Dalam penelitian ini kerusakan pertama terjadi pada morfologi sperma. THE EFFECT OF TOMATOES JUICE (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L) ON THE QUALITY OF THE MICE SPERMA THAT IS PROVIDED BY TERSIERED CIGARETTE SMOKECigarettes cause an imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidants in endogenous testes. This is due to an increasing of ROS that can reduce antioxidants and caused oxidative stress in the process of spermatogenesis which affect sperm quality, such as the amount of sperm, motility, and morphology of sperm. Reduction of oxidants or consuming natural antioxidants can inhibit it process by lycopene that contained in tomatoes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tomato juice on the sperm quality of mice that expose to tertiary cigarette smoke exposure. The study was in vivo experimental laboratory using completely randomized design of 25 adult male mice that were randomly divided and met the inclusion criteria. This research was divided into five groups, the first group was normal group (given normal feed); the second is K (-) (getting exposure to tertiary cigarette smoke); the sample test groups were expose to tertiary cigarettes smoke exposure and it given tomato juice, K1 (given 0.16 mL/ day tomato juice); K2 (0.32 mL/day tomato juice); K3 (given 0.64 ml tomato juice/day) then all these treatments were given for 14 days. At the end of the study, mice were dissected and the testicles were taken to analyze the quality of sperm. This research using one way ANOVA test and the result showed there was no significant differences amoung mean about the amount of sperm between groups (p>0.05), sperm motility between groups (p>0.05), and sperm morphology between groups (p<0.05). The conclusion of this research is that tomato juice did not affect sperm quality, but it can increase the amount of sperm to the normal limit. The smokers will increase ROS and reduce antioxidants so that resulting oxidative stress. Tomato juice that containing high enough of lycopene could increase antioxidants, so it can reduce ROS and stress. In this research the first damage was sperm morphology.

scholarly journals Specific Seminal Plasma Fractions Are Responsible for the Modulation of Sperm–PMN Binding in the Donkey

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1388
Author(s):  
Jordi Miró ◽  
Jaime Catalán ◽  
Henar Marín ◽  
Iván Yánez-Ortiz ◽  
Marc Yeste
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Plasma Fractions ◽  
Complex Fluid ◽  
First Time

While artificial insemination (AI) with frozen-thawed sperm results in low fertility rates in donkeys, the addition of seminal plasma, removed during cryopreservation, partially counteracts that reduction. Related to this, an apparent inflammatory reaction in jennies is induced following AI with frozen-thawed sperm, as a high amount of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are observed within the donkey uterus six hours after AI. While PMN appear to select the sperm that ultimately reach the oviduct, two mechanisms, phagocytosis and NETosis, have been purported to be involved in that clearance. Remarkably, sperm interacts with PMN, but the presence of seminal plasma reduces that binding. As seminal plasma is a complex fluid made up of different molecules, including proteins, this study aimed to evaluate how different seminal plasma fractions, separated by molecular weight (<3, 3–10, 10–30, 30–50, 50–100, and >100 kDa), affect sperm–PMN binding. Sperm motility, viability, and sperm–PMN binding were evaluated after 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h of co-incubation at 38 °C. Two seminal plasma fractions, including 30–50 kDa or 50–100 kDa proteins, showed the highest sperm motility and viability. As viability of sperm not bound to PMN after 3 h of incubation was the highest in the presence of 30–50 and 50–100 kDa proteins, we suggest that both fractions are involved in the control of the jenny’s post-breeding inflammatory response. In conclusion, this study has shown for the first time that specific fractions rather than the entire seminal plasma modulate sperm–PMN binding within the donkey uterus. As several proteins suggested to be involved in the control of post-AI endometritis have a molecular weight between 30 and 100 kDa, further studies aimed at determining the identity of these molecules and evaluating their potential effect in vivo are much warranted.

scholarly journals Antibacterial and In Vivo Studies of a Green, One-Pot Preparation of Copper/Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Coated Bandages

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 462
Author(s):  
Archana R. Deokar ◽  
Ilana Perelshtein ◽  
Melissa Saibene ◽  
Nina Perkas ◽  
Paride Mantecca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Ultrasound Irradiation ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
One Pot ◽  
The Face ◽  
Bulk Scale ◽  
Particle Size And Shape

Simultaneous water and ethanol-based synthesis and coating of copper and zinc oxide (CuO/ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) on bandages was carried out by ultrasound irradiation. High resolution-transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the effects of the solvent on the particle size and shape of metal oxide NPs. An antibacterial activity study of metal-oxide-coated bandages was carried out against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). CuO NP-coated bandages made from both water and ethanol demonstrated complete killing of S. aureus and E. coli bacteria within 30 min., whereas ZnO NP-coated bandages demonstrated five-log reductions in viability for both kinds of bacteria after 60 min of interaction. Further, the antibacterial mechanism of CuO/ZnO NP-coated bandages is proposed here based on electron spin resonance studies. Nanotoxicology investigations were conducted via in vivo examinations of the effect of the metal-oxide bandages on frog embryos (teratogenesis assay—Xenopus). The results show that water-based coatings resulted in lesser impacts on embryo development than the ethanol-based ones. These bandages should therefore be considered safer than the ethanol-based ones. The comparison between the toxicity of the metal oxide NPs prepared in water and ethanol is of great importance, because water will replace ethanol for bulk scale synthesis of metal oxide NPs in commercial companies to avoid further ignition problems. The novelty and importance of this manuscript is avoiding the ethanol in the typical water:ethanol mixture as the solvent for the preparation of metal oxide NPs. Ethanol is ignitable, and commercial companies are trying the evade its use. This is especially important these days, as the face mask produced by sonochemistry (SONOMASK) is being sold all over the world by SONOVIA, and it is coated with ZnO.

scholarly journals The Advantages of Segregation and the Evolution of Sex

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 164 (3) ◽  
pp. 1099-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah P Otto
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Deleterious Mutations ◽  
Evolution Of Sex ◽  
Beneficial Mutations ◽  
Selection Regime ◽  
Strong Selection ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractIn diploids, sexual reproduction promotes both the segregation of alleles at the same locus and the recombination of alleles at different loci. This article is the first to investigate the possibility that sex might have evolved and been maintained to promote segregation, using a model that incorporates both a general selection regime and modifier alleles that alter an individual’s allocation to sexual vs. asexual reproduction. The fate of different modifier alleles was found to depend strongly on the strength of selection at fitness loci and on the presence of inbreeding among individuals undergoing sexual reproduction. When selection is weak and mating occurs randomly among sexually produced gametes, reductions in the occurrence of sex are favored, but the genome-wide strength of selection is extremely small. In contrast, when selection is weak and some inbreeding occurs among gametes, increased allocation to sexual reproduction is expected as long as deleterious mutations are partially recessive and/or beneficial mutations are partially dominant. Under strong selection, the conditions under which increased allocation to sex evolves are reversed. Because deleterious mutations are typically considered to be partially recessive and weakly selected and because most populations exhibit some degree of inbreeding, this model predicts that higher frequencies of sex would evolve and be maintained as a consequence of the effects of segregation. Even with low levels of inbreeding, selection is stronger on a modifier that promotes segregation than on a modifier that promotes recombination, suggesting that the benefits of segregation are more likely than the benefits of recombination to have driven the evolution of sexual reproduction in diploids.

Selective Pressures on RNA Hairpins In Vivo and In Vitro

2002 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Gultyaev ◽  
F.H.D. van Batenburg ◽  
Cornelis W.A. Pleij
Keyword(s):  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Rna Hairpins

scholarly journals PACAP-mediated sperm–cumulus cell interaction promotes fertilization

Reproduction ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ichiro Tanii ◽  
Tadashi Aradate ◽  
Kouhei Matsuda ◽  
Akira Komiya ◽  
Hideki Fuse
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Acrosome Reaction ◽  
Cumulus Cell ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Sperm Penetration

The developing acrosome in spermatids contains pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). However, the role of the acrosomal PACAP remains unclear because it has not been detected in mature spermatids and sperm. We reinvestigated whether the sperm acrosome contains PACAP. An antiserum produced against PACAP reacted to the anterior acrosome in epididymal sperm fixed under mild conditions, suggesting that PACAP acts on oocytes and/or cumulus cells at the site of fertilization. Immunolabeling and RT-PCR demonstrated the presence of PACAP type I receptor, a PACAP-specific receptor, in postovulatory cumulus cells. To investigate the role of PACAP in fertilization, we pretreated cumulus–oocyte complexes with the polypeptide. At a low concentration of sperm, the fertilization rate was significantly enhanced by PACAP in a dose-dependent manner. Sperm penetration through the oocyte investment, cumulus layer, and zona pellucida was also enhanced by PACAP. The enhancement was probably due to an enhancement in sperm motility and the zona-induced acrosome reaction, which were stimulated by a cumulus cell-releasing factor. Indeed, PACAP treatment increased the secretion of progesterone from the cumulus–oocyte complexes. These results strongly suggest that in response to PACAP, cumulus cells release a soluble factor that probably stimulates sperm motility and the acrosome reaction, thereby promoting fertilization.

scholarly journals Effects of calpain and Rho-kinase inhibitors on the acrosome reaction and motility of fowl spermatozoa in vitro

Reproduction ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Ashizawa ◽  
G J Wishart ◽  
S Katayama ◽  
D Takano ◽  
M Maeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Acrosome Reaction ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Rho Kinase ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Calpain Inhibitor ◽  
Cytoplasmic Matrix ◽  
Sperm Extract

At the avian body temperature of 40 °C, intact fowl spermatozoa require Ca2+for the initiation of motility and a combination of both Ca2+and homogenized inner perivitelline layer (IPVL) together to induce the acrosome reaction. Within the range of 1–100 μmol/l, neither PD 150606 (a Ca2+-dependent calpain inhibitor) nor Y-27632 (an inhibitor of Ca2+-dependent Rho-kinase) were able to inhibit the acrosome reaction induced by the presence of Ca2+and IPVL. However, PD 150606, although not Y-27632, was able to inhibit sperm motility initiated by Ca2+, as well as motility initiated by calyculin A – a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases, which also initiates sperm motility at 40 °C. The addition of PD 150606 did not reduce the ATP concentrations of intact spermatozoa, nor the motility of demembranated spermatozoa. Immunoblot analysis of sperm extract using a polyclonal antibody against calpain 12 revealed a cross-reacting protein of approximately 80 kDa. These results suggest that Rho-kinase is not involved in the regulation of the acrosome reaction or of motility in fowl spermatozoa. In contrast, calpain appears to be involved in the regulation of flagellar movement, but not izn that of the acrosome reaction. Furthermore, it seems that endogenous calpain is present in the cytoplasmic matrix and/or the plasma membrane, but not retained in the axoneme and/or accessory cytoskeletal components.

CD200 is a novel p53-target gene involved in apoptosis-associated immune tolerance

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 2691-2698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Rosenblum ◽  
Edit Olasz ◽  
Jeffery E. Woodliff ◽  
Bryon D. Johnson ◽  
Marja C. Konkol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Gene ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
The Face ◽  
P53 Target Gene ◽  
Self Antigens

Abstract During apoptotic cell death, biochemical processes modify self-proteins and create potential autoantigens. To maintain self-tolerance in the face of natural cell turnover, the immune system must prevent or control responses to apoptosis-associated autoantigens or risk autoimmunity. The molecular mechanisms governing this process remain largely unknown. Here, we show that expression of the immunoregulatory protein CD200 increases as murine dendritic cells (DCs) undergo apoptosis. We define CD200 as a p53-target gene and identify both p53- and caspase-dependent pathways that control CD200 expression during apoptosis. CD200 expression on apoptotic DCs diminishes proinflammatory cytokine production in response to self-antigens in vitro and is required for UVB-mediated tolerance to haptenated self-proteins in vivo. Up-regulation of CD200 may represent a novel mechanism, whereby immune reactivity to apoptosis-associated self-antigens is suppressed under steady state conditions. (Blood. 2004;103: 2691-2698)

An Insight into Novel Sperm Cell Proteins as Bio-markers for Male Infertility: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naina Kumar ◽  
Namit Kant Singh
Keyword(s):  
Male Infertility ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
English Language ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sperm Dna Damage ◽  
Sperm Proteins

: Male infertility is rising now-a-days and accounts for major part of infertility cases worldwide. Novel tests are being developed for better detection and management of male infertility. Though there are many tests available for diagnosing male infertility like acrosome reaction rate, hemizona assay, in vivo or in vitro sperm penetration assay, sperm DNA damage tests, but semen analysis is most commonly used initial test for male infertility. It is usually associated with failure to detect cause in many cases, as seminal composition gets affected by a number of factors and can give false reports. Furthermore, it does not give any information about defects in capacitation, sperm Zona Pellucida interaction and sperm’s ability to fertilize oocytes. This results in failure of detection and delayed management of male infertility. Hence, the present review was conducted to identify various sperm proteins that play significant role in spermatogenesis, sperm motility, sperm-Zona Pellucida interaction and fertilization. These proteins can be used in future as markers of male infertility and will aid in better detection and management of male infertility. Methodology: Search for literature was made from 1970 to 2020 from various databases like PUBMED, SCOPUS, Google Scholar on sperm proteins and their role in male fertility using keywords: “sperm protein as bio-markers”, “novel sperm proteins as markers of infertility”, “Sperm proteins essential for capacitation, sperm motility and oocyte fertilization”. Inclusion criteria: All full-length research articles, systematic reviews, meta-analysis or abstracts on sperm proteins and male infertility published in English language in peer-reviewed journals were considered.

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