Conservation of erupting ungulate populations on islands – a comment

Anne Gunn; Frank L. Miller; Samuel J. Barry

doi:10.7557/2.23.2.361

Conservation of erupting ungulate populations on islands – a comment

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.23.2.361 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 57 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anne Gunn ◽

Frank L. Miller ◽

Samuel J. Barry

Keyword(s):

Density Dependence ◽

Rangifer Tarandus ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Environmental Variation ◽

Juvenile Survival ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Subsequent Performance ◽

Forage Availability ◽

Over Time

A generalised model for herbivores experiencing abundant forage over time is that their numbers erupt and then decline. This model has been applied to fluctuations in caribou (Rangifer tarandus) populations especially those on islands. Since this generalised model for erupting herbivores was first proposed, two assumptions have slipped in (1) that an erupting population will crash; and (2) that the crash will be density-dependent. The problem with the assumptions is that, without testing, they can lead to inappropriate management such as culls. The first assumption arises from uncritical use of earlier accounts and the second assumption from not discriminating between the effects of environmental variation from the effects of the high herbivore numbers on forage availability (density-dependence). Often typical densitydependent effects such as lowered initial reproduction, reduced early survival of calves, and subsequent calf, yearling and juvenile survival are used to justify the contention that there are too many herbivores. But such reasoning is flawed unless cause/effect relationships are established and the role of environmental variation is evaluated. We argue that it is overly simplistic to believe that every population’s subsequent performance and fate will follow a singular pattern with only one paramount factor driving and ultimately dictating an inevitable outcome. The relative importance of unpredictable abiotic factors in influencing and causing variation in the response of ungulate populations should be investigated, no matter whether those factors are sporadic or periodic.

Download Full-text

The Role of Individuals and Social Capital in POSIX Standardization

Advances in IT Standards and Standardization Research - Standardization Research in Information Technology ◽

10.4018/978-1-59904-561-0.ch005 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 66-85

Author(s):

Jim Isaak

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Related Research ◽

Common Values ◽

Corporate Influence ◽

The Individual ◽

Over Time ◽

The Way

While standards are issued by organizations, individuals do the actual work, with significant collaboration required to agree on a common standard. This article explores the role of individuals in standards setting as well as the way these individuals are connected to one another through trusting networks and common values. This issue is studied in the context of the IEEE POSIX set of standards, for which the author was actively involved for more than 15 years. This case study demonstrates that the goals and influence of individual participants are not just that of their respective employers but may follow the individual through changes of employment. It also highlights changes in the relative importance of individual and corporate influence in UNIX-related standardization over time. Better understanding of the interaction between individuals and organizations in the context of social capital and standardization can provide both a foundation for related research and more productive participation in these types of forums.

Download Full-text

The Architecture of Parliaments: Legislative Houses and Political Culture

British Journal of Political Science ◽

10.1017/s0007123400005135 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 287-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Charles T. Goodsell

Keyword(s):

Political Culture ◽

Cultural Values ◽

Spatial Relationships ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Sacred Sites ◽

Architectural Features ◽

Television Broadcasting ◽

The World ◽

Over Time

The architecture of houses of parliament and of legislative chambers in countries around the world is analysed for its relationship to political culture. It is argued that parliamentary buildings and spaces (1) preserve cultural values of the polity over time; (2) articulate contemporaneous political attitudes and values; and (3) contribute to the formation of political culture. Preservation is illustrated by how parliament buildings occupy sacred sites, symbolize the state and assure the continuity of legislative traditions. Articulation is exemplified by reflecting the relative importance of the two legislative houses and making expressive statements about the role of parties, executives and individual legislators. Formation can be affected by the physical dimensions of chambers, the arrangement of seats, aisles and lecterns, and spatial relationships between houses and the parliament versus the executive. It is concluded that the advent of television broadcasting of parliamentary sessions may make these architectural features even more important in perpetuating, manifesting and shaping political culture.

Download Full-text

Phytophthora austrocedri in Argentina and Co-Inhabiting Phytophthoras: Roles of Anthropogenic and Abiotic Factors in Species Distribution and Diversity

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11111223 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1223

Author(s):

María Laura Vélez ◽

Ludmila La Manna ◽

Manuela Tarabini ◽

Federico Gomez ◽

Matt Elliott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Human Activities ◽

Anthropogenic Impact ◽

Anthropogenic Impacts ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Phytophthora Species ◽

Area Of Interest ◽

Over Time

This work reports the first survey of Phytophthora diversity in the forests soils of Andean Patagonia. It also discusses the role of anthropogenic impact on Phytophthora distribution inferred from the findings on Phytophthora diversity and on the distribution of Phytophthora austrocedri-diseased forests. Invasive pathogen species threatening ecosystems and human activities contribute to their entry and spread. Information on pathogens already established, and early detection of potential invasive ones, are crucial to disease management and prevention. Phytophthora austrocedri causes the most damaging forest disease in Patagonia, affecting the endemic species Austrocedrus chilensis (D. Don) Pic. Sern. and Bizzarri. However, the relationship between anthropogenic impacts and the disease distribution has not been analyzed enough. The aims of this work were: to evaluate Phytophthora diversity in soils of Andean Patagonia using a metabarcoding method, and analyze this information in relation to soil type and land use; to assess the distribution of Austrocedrus disease over time in relation to anthropogenic and abiotic gradients in an area of interest; and to discuss the role of human activities in Phytophthora spread. High throughput Illumina sequencing was used to detect Phytophthora DNA in soil samples. The distribution of Austrocedrus disease over time was assessed by satellite imagery interpretation. Twenty-three Phytophthora species, 12 of which were new records for Argentina, were detected. The most abundant species was P. austrocedri, followed by P. × cambivora, P. ramorum and P. kernoviae. The most frequent was P. × cambivora, followed by P. austrocedri and P. ramorum. Phytophthora richness and abundance, and Austrocedrus disease distribution, were influenced by land use, anthropogenic impact and soil drainage. Results showed several Phytophthoras, including well-known pathogenic species. The threat they could present to Patagonian ecosystems and their relations to human activities are discussed. This study evidenced the need of management measures to control the spread of P. austrocedri and other invasive Phytophthora species in Patagonia.

Download Full-text

The role of neighborhood risk factors and personal stressors in romantic partner support and relationship quality among African American couples over time

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e512142015-577 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Frederick D. Clavel ◽

Carolyn E. Cutrona ◽

Daniel W. Russell

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

African American ◽

Relationship Quality ◽

Partner Support ◽

Romantic Partner ◽

Neighborhood Risk ◽

African American Couples ◽

Over Time

Download Full-text

Population Control (Review Article)

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v1i3pp.89-98 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 89-98

Author(s):

Karol J. Krotki

Keyword(s):

Population Control ◽

Review Article ◽

Small Enterprise ◽

Opportunity Costs ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Factual Information ◽

Undue Influence ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Economic Considerations

Discussions about the role of small enterprise in economic development tend to remain inconclusive partly because of the difficulty of assessing the relative importance of economic and non-economic objectives and partly because of the dearth of factual information on which to base an economic calculus. It is probably true, moreover, that, because of a lack of general agreement as to the economic case for or against small enterprise, non-economic considerations, including some merely romantic attitudes toward smallness and bigness, tend to exert an undue influence on public policies. There may, of course, be no clear-cut economic case. And noneconomic considerations should and will inevitably weigh significantly in policy decisions. If, however, some of the economic questions could be settled by more and better knowledge, these decisions could more accurately reflect the opportunity costs of pursuing non-economic objectives.

Download Full-text

Growth and allocation in seedlings of three shade intolerant species: the role of biotic and abiotic factors

10.31274/etd-180810-118 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Nilsen Leonardo Lasso-Rivas

Keyword(s):

Abiotic Factors ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽

Growth And Allocation

Download Full-text

What is Business Organizing for? – The Role of Business in Society Over Time

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.1601644 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Pirson

Keyword(s):

Business In Society ◽

Over Time

Download Full-text

Raza, ciencia, sociedad

INTERdisciplina ◽

10.22201/ceiich.24485705e.2014.4.47204 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peter Wade

Keyword(s):

Cultural Discourse ◽

Human Biology ◽

Science And Society ◽

Race Science ◽

And Behavior ◽

Over Time

Resumen | En este trabajo quiero presentar una cronología convencional del concepto raza que marca un movimiento en el cual raza cambia de ser una idea basada en la cultura y el medio ambiente, a ser algo biológico, inflexible y determinante, para luego volver a ser una noción que habla de la cultura.Resumo cómo la idea de raza ha cambiado a través del tiempo, mirando necesariamente el rol que ha desempeñado la ciencia, y enfocando los diferentes discursos de índole natural-cultural sobre los cuerpos, el medio ambiente y el comportamiento, en los cuales las dimensiones culturales y naturales siempre coexisten.“La naturaleza” no puede ser entendida solamente como “la biología” y ni la naturaleza ni la biología necesariamente implican sólo el determinismo, la fijeza y la inmutabilidad Estar abiertos a la coexistencia de la cultura y la naturaleza y a la mutabilidad de la naturaleza nos permite ver mejor el ámbito de acción del pensamiento racial.Race, Science and Society Abstract | In this article I present and critique a standard chronology of race as, first, a concept rooted in culture and environment, and later in human biology and determinism, and finally back to culture alone.I will outline changing understandings of race over time, with some attention to the role of science, broadly understood, and on the continuing but changing character of race as a natural-cultural discourse about organic bodies, environments and behavior, in which both cultural and natural dimensions always co-exist.“Nature” is not to be understood simply as “biology,” and neither nature nor biology necessarily imply the fixity and determination that they are often assumed nowadays to involve.Being open to the co-existence of culture and nature and the mutability of the latter allows us to better comprehend the whole range of action of racial thinking.

Download Full-text

Biopsychosocial Patterning of Multimorbidity and Its Consequences

The Oxford Handbook of Integrative Health Science ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676384.013.14 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 220-236

Author(s):

Elliot Friedman ◽

Beth LeBreton ◽

Lindsay Fuzzell ◽

Elizabeth Wehrpsann

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Older Adults ◽

Functional Outcomes ◽

The United States ◽

Chronic Medical Conditions ◽

Quality Of Life Research ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Over Time

By many estimates the majority of adults over age 65 have two or more chronic medical conditions (multimorbidity) and are consequently at increased risk of adverse functional outcomes. Nonetheless, many older adults with multimorbidity are able to maintain high levels of function and retain good quality of life. Research presented here is designed to understand the influences that help ensure better functional outcomes in these older adults. This chapter presents findings that draw on data from the Midlife in the United States study. The independent and interactive contributions of diverse factors to multimorbidity and changes in multimorbidity over time are reviewed. The degree that multimorbidity increases risk of cognitive impairment and disability is examined. The role of inflammation as a mediator is considered. Multimorbidity is increasingly the norm for older adults, so better understanding of factors contributing to variability in multimorbidity-related outcomes can lead to improved quality of life.

Download Full-text