Supplementary feeding of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L) with late harvested hay. A pilot study

In order to increase the fodder available for roedeer during wintertime, late harvested hay was placed on racks early in November in three consecutive years. Freeezing kept the hay dry and fresh during all three winters. In the first winter, with much snow, the bulk of the hay was consumed whereas consumption in the two subsequent mild winters was low and selective. The crude protein content of the hay was low (3.5 - 8.4% dry matter). Metabolizable energy estimated from digestion in vitro was 3.5 — 5.6 MJ per kg dry matter. Rumen liquor from roe deer during a mild winter gave lower in vitro digestion than liquor from sheep fed with ordinary rations. The value of this poor hay for roe deer is discussed with respect to the animals requirements, seasonal adaption, the energy and protein content of the hay, water consumption and normal behavior. The results indicate that late harvested hay may be more suitable than regularly harvested hay or concentrates to help roe deer to survive spells of severe winter conditions. With late harvested hay placed out at several localized feeding sites, the risks of indigestion and dehydration, associated with a more concentrated, feed, are minimized and the ranking among the roe deer in particular will be less important and thus more animals will have improved prospects of gaining access to the fodder.Tilskottsutfodring av rådjur (Capreolus capreolus L) med sent skordat ho. En pilotstudie.Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: I avsikt att, for rådjur, oka mångden tillgångligt foder under vintertid, skordades och håssjades ho i borjan av november under tre på varandra foljande år. Hoet fros torn och holl sig fårskt alla vintrarna. Forstå vintern med mycket sno konsumerades huvuddelen av hoet medan de två foljande milda vintrarna konsumptionen var låg och selektiv. Mångden råprotein i hoet var lågt (3.5 — 8.4 % i torrsubstans). Innehållet av omsåttbar energi beråknad från digestion in vitro var 3.5 — 5.6 MJ per kg torrsubstans. Våmvåtska från rådjur under en mild vinter gav lagra in vitro digestion ån våmvåtska från ordinårt utfodrade får. Vårdet av det mycket sent skordade hoet for rådjur diskuteras med utgångspunkt från djurens behov, såsongmåssiga adaption, energi- och proteininnehåll i hoet, vattenkonsumtion och normala beteende. Resultatén pekar på att, sent skordat ho kan vara låmpligare ån på normal tid skordat ho eller kraftfoder att hjålpa rådjur att overleva perioder med svåra vinterforhållanden. Med sent skordat och håssjat ho, vilket gjorts tillgångligt på ett flertal utfodringsplatser, minskar riskerna for våmindigestion och dehydrering, forenade med en mer hogvårdig utfodring, samtidigt som djurens inbordes rangordning blir mindre betydelsefull. Det senare innebarande att fler djur får tillgång till fodret.

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Energy values and protein digestibility of soybean milk by-product in pigs based on in vitro assays

Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias ◽

10.17533/udea.rccp.v33n4a07 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 73-81

Author(s):

Jung Yeol Sung ◽

Bokyung Hong ◽

Youngeun Song ◽

Beob Gyun Kim

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Feed Ingredient ◽

Soybean Milk ◽

Gross Energy ◽

Swine Diets

Background: Soybean milk by-product (SMBP) is a potential alternative feed ingredient in swine diets due to its high protein content. However, information on energy and nutritional values of SMBP used as swine feed ingredient is limited. Objective: To estimate energy values and protein digestibility of SMBP in pigs based on in vitro assays. Methods: Four SMBP samples were obtained from 3 soybean milk-producing facilities. In vitro total tract disappearance (IVTTD) and in vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of dry matter (DM) in the SMBP samples were determined. In vitro ileal disappearance of crude protein was determined by analyzing crude protein content in undigested residues after determining IVID of DM. Digestible and metabolizable energy of SMBP were estimated using gross energy, IVTTD of DM, and prediction equations. Results: Sample 4 had greater IVTTD of DM than that of sample 3 (97.7 vs. 94.4%, p<0.05), whereas IVID of DM in sample 4 was lower compared with sample 1 (53.5 vs. 65.0%, p<0.05). In vitro ileal disappearance of crude protein in sample 2 was greater than that in sample 1 and 3 (92.6 vs. 90.6 and 90.1%; p<0.05). The estimated metabolizable energy of SMBP ranged from 4,311 to 4,619 kcal/kg as-is basis and the value of sample 3 was the least (p<0.05) among SMBP samples. Conclusion: Energy values and protein digestibility should be determined before using SMBP in swine diets.

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YIELD AND QUALITY OF SOME KALE-CORN COMBINATIONS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps80-119 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 807-811 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. S. FULKERSON

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Corn Stover ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Row Width

Midas marrowstem kale (Brassica oleracea L.) was grown in different row width associations with United 106 corn (Zea maize L.) in two studies and ensiled in different moisture blends with corn stover in another. Highest dry matter yields were obtained where a single row of kale was grown at 30 cm to the side of a corn row. This combination also provided the lowest moisture content feed and the highest in vitro digestibility and crude protein content. Changing the corn row width had no significant effect upon yield, plant height, in vitro digestibility, kale leaf or corn ear content. Blending kale with corn stover to provide a silage of about 70% moisture increased the digestibility and protein content of the feed and provided a silage that kept well in storage.

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Residues and Efficacy With Fluazifop-P in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00034242 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 25-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Douglas J. Doohan ◽

Gilles Belanger ◽

Russ R. King ◽

Jerry A. Ivany

Keyword(s):

Medicago Sativa ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Crude Protein Content

Fluazifop-P, applied in the spring or fall and pronamide, applied in the fall only, reduced quackgrass infestation in established alfalfa and increased the dry matter yield of alfalfa. Herbicides did not improve alfalfa in vitro digestibility or crude protein content. Average residues of fluazifop-P in alfalfa treated with rates of 0.25 or 0.5 kg ai ha–1, were 0.1 mg kg–1when harvested 280 d after application, and 0.06 mg kg–1when harvested 295 d after application. Average residues in alfalfa harvested 41 and 55 d after application were 0.13 mg kg–1and 0.1 mg kg–1, respectively, with a 0.25 kg ha–1treatment and 0.19 mg kg–1and 0.05 mg kg–1, respectively, with a 0.5 kg ha–1treatment.

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Seasonal production of Andropogon gayanus

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600023455 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 47-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R. J. Haggar ◽

M. B. Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Wet Season ◽

Mature Leaves ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Andropogon Gayanus ◽

The Mean

SummaryThe crude protein content and in vitro dry-matter digestibility (I.V.D.) of leaves and stems of Andropogon gayanus, grouped into four different age categories, were measured at weekly intervals during the secondhalf of the 1968 wet season. The crude protein content of all categories of leaf and stem rose to a maximumat ear emergence; significant reductions occurred thereafter, especiallyin the younger categories of leaf and stem. At any point in time the younger leaves and stems contained significantly more crude protein than the older leaves and stems.Although the mean crude protein content of each stem category was significantly lower than the corresponding leaf category, the young, elongating stems had a significantly higher crude protein content than the older, mature leaves at the time of ear emergence.The mean I.V.D. of all leaf and stem categories was highest at the start of the recording period. At ear emergence the I.V.D. of the young elongating stems was at least as high as the mature leaves. After ear emergence the I.V.D. of the stems fell more rapidly than the leaves.The results support the principle of cutting at ear emergence to achieve maximum yields of digestible nutrients.

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Effect of growth stage at cutting on yield and quality of lucerne cultivars from different dormancy groups in northern Victoria

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9870055 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 55 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

RH Slarke ◽

WK Mason

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Growth Stage ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Yield And Quality

At Kyabram, Victoria, the effects of growth stage at cutting on dry matter (DM) yield and quality of lucerne was determined during the warm season haymaking period for cultivars with contrasting winter dormancy characteristics. Growth stages at cutting were pre-flower bud, flower-bud, 10% bloom and full bloom. Cultivars were winter non-dormant CUF 101 and Pioneer Brand 572, semi-winter dormant Pioneer Brand 581 and winter dormant Pioneer Brand 545. Cultivar responses or interactions between cultivar and growth stage at cutting were not significant (P>0.05) for dry matter yield, crude protein or in vitro digestibility. Cutting of the pre-flower bud stage, compared with cutting at the 10% bloom stage, reduced DM yield by 18% (16.4 v. 13.5 t/ha), but increased crude protein content of the lucerne from 19.3 to 24%. The total protein yield per hectare was not affected by cutting stages from pre-flower bud stage to 10% bloom. Cutting lucerne at the flower bud stage rather than at 10% bloom gave increased protein content and digestibility with only a moderate yield decline. However, more frequent cutting was unsatisfactory as it decreased the density of the stand and increased the proportion of weeds and so could not be recommended.

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Nutritional potentials and in vitro estimation of composite cocoa pod husk-based diets for ruminants

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-019-0189-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Oluwatosin Bode Omotoso

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Urea Solution ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Cocoa Pod Husk ◽

Cassava Peel

Abstract Background The use of cocoa pod husk in livestock nutrition is being limited because of its fibrous nature and anti-nutrients, which have detrimental effect(s) on the animals. This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and effects of replacing urea-treated ensiled cocoa pod husk meal (urea-treated CPHM) with cassava peel in a complete concentrate diet (CCD) on in vitro digestibility and methane (CH4) production. Methods Urea-treated CPHM was prepared by soaking the raw milled pod in 5% urea solution under anaerobic condition for 7 days, and decanted and the filtrates were further ensiled for 28 days, dried, and were replaced with cassava peel meal in CCD at 0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15% on part basis. Feed samples (n = 3) were analyzed for chemical composition, and data generated from in vitro study were subjected to statistical analysis in a completely randomized design experiment. Results Results revealed that the treatment significantly reduced the crude fiber, fiber fraction contents, and anti-nutrients and improved the crude protein content of the pod by 71.84%. Dry matter and crude protein of the diets ranged from 89.34–89.71% and 10.52–12.84%, respectively. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) increased with increasing levels of urea-treated CPHM in the diets. With increasing levels of urea-treated CPHM, CH4 production relatively reduced as compared to diet E. Metabolizable energy (5.66 Kcal/g) of diet F was the highest. Therefore, the inclusion of urea-treated CPHM at 15% in CCDs has the potential for improving digestibility and reducing CH4 production in ruminants.

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Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of some range plants

Open Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.17352/ojps.000040 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 094-098

Author(s):

Musa Tibin Musa Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Maturity Stage ◽

Legume Species ◽

Significant Difference

This study was carried out to determine chemical composition and in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility of range plant species of the area. Samples were collected from range lands at full maturity stage, dried under shade and subjected to chemical analysis and dry matter and organic matter in vitro digestibility for Vigna sunhum, Andropogan gayanus, Pennisetum Pedicelatum, Shoenfeldia gracilis and Stylothanis flavicans were determined. The data was analyzed via analysis of variance and differences among means were determined using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The results showed that the legumes (Vigna sunhum and Stylothanis flavicans) were significantly higher (P≤0.01) in their crude protein content and the percentage of crude protein respectively was 13.4% and 10.00% while the grasses were significant (P≤0.05) higher in Crude Fibre (CF), ash, Acid Detergent Fibers (ADF) and Neutral Detergent Fibers (NDF). Crude fiber % values were 41.78, 43.37 and 46.07% for Pennisetum Pedicelatum, Andropogan gayanus and Shoenofeldia gracilis, respectively. The acid detergent values were 53.85, 47.74 and 53.39 for the three weeds. (P≤0.05), while the ratio of neutral detergent was significantly higher (P≤.05) in grasses than in the two legume species; 87.22, 82.35 and 88.99% for the three grasses respectively. Similarly higher in vitro dry matter and organic digestibility coefficients were obtained from legume species than grasses. The study concluded that, the studied grasses were higher in fiber content and lower in their protein content but, legumes grasses (Vigna sunhum, Pennisetum Pedicelatum and Stylothanis flavicans) had high nutritive value and in vitro digestibility which may provide ruminants with the needed protein and energy.

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Protein requirements of male cattle fattened on diets differing in energy concentrations

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100023977 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 189-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

D. Levy ◽

Z. Holzer ◽

Y. Folman ◽

M. Bleiberg ◽

D. Ilan

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Live Weight ◽

High Energy ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Energy Concentration ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Live Weight Gain

ABSTRACTThe effects of three levels of crude protein in the diet, 10, 12 and 14 %, on the performance of entire Israeli Friesian male cattle (bulls) during fattening, was studied in two experiments.The bulls were 5 months old and 200 kg live weight, and 7·5 months and 250 kg, at the start of Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, and were slaughtered after 178 to 268 days (Experiment 1) or 156 to 166 days (Experiment 2) on trial, at a live weight of 430 to 480 kg.In Experiment 1 mixed diets of two metabolizable energy concentrations (11·1 and 10·5 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter) were used, each containing concentrates with 10, 12 or 14% crude protein content. In half of the treatments the crude protein content of the concentrate was increased by two percentage units for the first 61 days of the experiment. Daily live-weight gain was significantly higher at 14% and 16% crude protein than at 10% and 12% crude protein during the first 61 days for animals on the high energy diet, but liveweight gain was not affected by crude protein content on the low energy diet over this period, or at either energy concentration from 62 days to slaughter.In Experiment 2 the diet consisted of concentrate, wheat straw and cotton hulls, giving a metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 10·55 MJ/kg dry matter. Daily live-weight gain did not differ significantly between concentrates containing 10, 12 or 14% crude protein, but carcass weight gain was higher at 12% and 14% crude protein than at 10% crude protein.It is concluded that in order to ensure the best performance of bulls of the Israeli Friesian breed, diets with a high concentration of energy should contain 14% crude protein when fed to animals with a body weight of 200 to 300 kg, and 12% crude protein for heavier animals.

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Potential of Recycling Cauliflower and Romanesco Wastes in Ruminant Feeding: In Vitro Studies

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10081247 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1247 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Trinidad de Evan ◽

Andrea Vintimilla ◽

Eduarda Molina-Alcaide ◽

María Ranilla ◽

María Carro

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Energy Content ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Ch4 Production ◽

Intestinal Digestibility

The nutritive values for ruminants of cauliflower (CAU) and Romanesco (ROM) wastes (leaves, stems and sprouts) were assessed by analyzing their chemical composition, in vitro ruminal fermentation, and in vitro intestinal digestibility. In addition, the in vitro ruminal fermentation of diets containing increasing amounts of CAU was studied. The dry matter (DM) content of leaves, stems and sprouts of both vegetables was lower than 10%, but they contained high crude protein (CP; 19.9 to 33.0%) and sugar (16.3 to 28.7%) levels, and low neutral detergent fiber (21.6 to 32.3%). Stems and sprouts were more rapidly and extensively fermented in the rumen than leaves, but there were only minor differences the fermentation profiles of both vegetables. The estimated metabolizable energy content ranged from 9.3 (leaves) to 10.8 (sprouts) MJ/kg DM. The CP rumen degradability (12-h in situ incubations) was greater than 80.0% for all fractions, and the in vitro intestinal digestibility of CP ranged from 85.7 to 93.2%. The inclusion of up to 24% of dried CAU in the concentrate of a mixed diet (40:60 alfalfa hay:concentrate) increased the in vitro rumen fermentation of the CAU diet, but did not affect methane (CH4) production, indicating the lack of antimethanogenic compounds in CAU.

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In vitro digestion of mixtures of grain and hay

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9750471 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 15 (75) ◽

pp. 471 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J Clark

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Sulphate ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

In Vitro Digestion ◽

Two Stage ◽

In Vitro Technique

The digestibilities of the dry matter (DDM) of 16 herbages and 22 mixtures of grain and hay of known in vivo digestibility were determined by a two-stage in vitro technique, with inocula obtained from sheep fed either hay or a diet of 70 per cent barley and 30 per cent hay; both diets contained 12 per cent crude protein. The in vitro digestions were conducted with or without the addition of ammonium sulphate. The correlations between in vivo and in vitro digestibilities were higher for the herbages and the mixtures with inoculum from sheep fed hay, than with that from sheep fed barley and hay. Adding ammonium sulphate to either inoculum lowered the in vivo-in vitro correlation for the mixtures containing grain but improved the correlation for the herbage samples. The variability between replicate in vitro determinations was not reduced by adding ammonium sulphate to the inoculum from sheep fed hay but was increased for the inoculum from sheep fed a mixture of barley and hay.

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