Appendix 2. Ashton and Stalybridge spinners' collective actions, April 1830–January 1831

Resumo: O presente texto pretende analisar o papel das ações coletivas (associações, cooperativas e sindicatos de agricultores) no acionamento e na ativação das escalas geográficas para o desenvolvimento de suas atividades. O estudo foi realizado no Espaço Sisaleiro da Bahia (Brasil), onde um conjunto significativo de associações e cooperativas de agricultores e sindicatos de trabalhadores rurais tem se organizado em torno das escalas espaciais para viabilizar sua ação político-institucional e econômico-produtiva. A ação desses coletivos organizados em rede tem permitido a conformação e o fortalecimento de novas escalas de ação política, como no caso da criação do conselho territorial para viabilização da implantação de políticas de governo. Cooperativas, associações e sindicatos se apoiam nas escalas para compor organizações em diferentes níveis escalares (escala local, escala regional, escala do estado federado e escala nacional), buscando fortalecer seus propósitos e ampliar seu poder de barganha e influência. Analisando o comportamento espacial dessas variadas modalidades de ações coletivas, é possível considerar que elas desenvolvem políticas de escala, ou seja, a escala passa a significar muito mais que uma categoria de análise, mas se torna uma categoria da prática social e política. Nesse sentido, parte-se do pressuposto de que os grupos humanos produzem e tornam efetivas suas próprias escalas visando a alcançar suas metas e organizar seus comportamentos coletivos. Palavras-chave: Escala. Rede. Cooperativismo. Associativismo. Sindicalismo. Espaço Sisaleiro da Bahia. SCALE POLICIES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NETWORK STRATEGIES OF COLLECTIVE ACTIONS IN THE SISAL REGION OF BAHIA (BRAZIL)Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the role of collective initiatives of associations, cooperatives and farmers’ unions in the mobilization and activation of geographical scales for the development of their activities. The study was conducted in the Sisal Region of Bahia (Brazil), where a significant number of farmers associations and cooperatives and rural workers’ unions have been organizing their actions around spatial scales to enable their political-institutional and economic-productive influence. The gathering and action of these organized groups in a network have allowed the establishment and strengthening of new scales of political action, as seem in the case of the creation of a territorial council to facilitate the implementation of government policies. Cooperatives, associations, and unions rely on scales to form organizations at different scale levels (local, regional, federal and national scales), seeking to strengthen their performance and increase their bargaining power and influence. After analyzing the spatial behavior of these various forms of collective actions, it’s reasonable to say that they develop scale policies, which means the scale becomes more than a category of analysis, but also a category of social and political practice. In this sense, it’s assumed that human groups produce and utilize the scales in order to reach their goals and organize their own collective behaviors. Keywords: Scale. Network. Cooperativism. Associativism. Syndicalism. Sisal Region of Bahia. POLITIQUES D’ÉCHELLE ET FORMATION DES STRATÉGIES-RÉSEAU DES ACTIONS COLLECTIVES DANS LA RÉGION DU SISAL DE L’ÉTAT DE BAHIA Resumé: Cet article analyse le rôle des actions collectives (associations, coopératives et syndicats d’agriculteurs) dans la prise en compte et l’utilisation des échelles géographiques pour le développement de leurs activités. L’étude a été menée dans la région du sisal à Bahia (Brésil), où un ensemble important d’associations et de coopératives d’agriculteurs et de syndicats de travailleurs ruraux se sont organisés autour d’échelles spatiales pour que puisse être mise en place leur action politique et institutionnelle, économique et productive. L’action de ces groupements organisés en réseaux a permis la conformation et le renforcement de nouvelles échelles d’action politique, comme lors de la création du conseil territorial, pour permettre la mise en œuvre des politiques gouvernementales. Les coopératives, les associations et les syndicats prennent les échelles comme point de départ pour former des organisations à différents niveaux scalaires (échelle locale, échelle régionale, échelle fédérée et échelle nationale), dans le but de renforcer leurs objectifs et d’accroître leur pouvoir de négociation et d’influence. Si nous analysons le comportement spatial de ces diverses formes d’action collective il est possible de considérer qu’ils développent des politiques d’échelle, à savoir l’échelle vient signifier bien plus qu’une catégorie d’analyse, puisqu’elle devient une catégorie de la pratique sociale et politique. En ce sens, on suppose que les groupes humains produisent et rendent efficaces leurs propres échelles pour atteindre leurs objectifs et organiser leurs comportements collectifs. Mots-clés: Échelle. Réseau. Coopérativisme. Associations. Syndicalisme. Région du sisal de l’État de Bahia.

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A Framework of Professional Transferable Competences for System Innovation: Enabling Leadership and Agency for Sustainable Development

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13041737 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1737

Author(s):

José M. Peiró ◽

Vicente Martínez-Tur ◽

Nanja Nagorny-Koring ◽

Christoph Auch

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Human Capital ◽

Professional Competence ◽

System Thinking ◽

System Innovation ◽

Collective Actions ◽

Critical Approach ◽

Certification Procedure ◽

Competence Framework ◽

Human And Social Capital

System Innovation (SI) is a critical approach in driving individual and collective actions towards sustainable development (SD). This article presents the validation process of the Climate-KIC Professional Competence Framework (CF) for SI. This framework is based on principles of system thinking and the need for human capital to deal with challenges related to long-term sustainability. It comprises twenty competences grouped into five stages that describe contexts where professionals implement transformations: Exploring, Framing, Designing, Implementing and Strengthening. The stages are not linear or strictly sequential because overlapping and loops are frequent in transformational and disruptive changes. The CF fulfils several functions in the development of human and social capital: competences’ assessment, their development and training, and their certification to make them more interpretable in the labour market. The methodology for assessing professionals’ competences and the certification procedure are described. Overall, the CF aims to promote the development and visibility of human capital in a critical area for sustainability.

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Strengthening Agriculture Value Chain through Collectives: Comparative Case Analysis

International Journal of Rural Management ◽

10.1177/0973005221991438 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 097300522199143

Author(s):

Sneha Kumari ◽

Nisha Bharti ◽

K. K. Tripathy

Keyword(s):

Value Chain ◽

Action Theory ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Comparative Case Study ◽

Collective Actions ◽

Case Study Approach ◽

Study Approach ◽

The Board Of Directors ◽

Market Linkage

Indian agriculture has always been less profitable. Several factors contribute to the low profitability in agriculture, but less value addition, weak value chain system and weak market linkage are some of the most important factors. Producer companies are helping small farmers to emerge in the market. The farmer producer organisations (FPOs) linked with the producer companies are the best example of collective actions. The collective actions for the agriculture value chain (AVC) have resulted in a decrease in the cost and an increase in revenue. FPO and producer company find a good place in the underpinning theory of collective action theory. This study examines various successful examples of strengthening AVC through cooperatives and tried to identify various factors responsible for the success of these collectives. This study has adopted a case study approach. Three successful cases, that is, Vasundhara Agriculture Horticulture Producer Company Ltd: a multi-state FPO, Abhinav Farms Club and Sahyadri Farmer Producer Company have been selected for the case study based on their successful interventions for strengthening the agriculture value chain. Primary and secondary data has been collected through telephonic interviews from the board of directors, chairman and the members of the FPO. Both primary and secondary data have been collected to compare the three cases for AVC models. The data has been analysed using a comparative case study approach. The parameters of AVC have been identified using the Delphi technique. The study has found that collective actions have helped the farmers to strengthen the agriculture value chain. The study also concluded that leadership played an important role in defining the success of the FPOs. The study brings out future directions to excel in AVC through collectives.

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A Law and Economics Perspective on the EU Directive on Representative Actions

Journal of Consumer Policy ◽

10.1007/s10603-021-09491-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

L. Visscher ◽

M. Faure

Keyword(s):

Law And Economics ◽

Class Action ◽

Third Party ◽

Collective Actions ◽

Member States ◽

Eu Directive ◽

Opt Out ◽

Contingency Fees ◽

Party Funding ◽

The Eu

AbstractThis article provides an analysis of the Directive on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers of 25 November 2020. The Directive enables qualified entities to bring representative actions on behalf of the consumer. The article uses a Law and Economics approach to stress the advantages of collective actions as a tool to remedy rational apathy and free-rider behaviour. The article therefore in principle welcomes the fact that this Directive will lead to all Member States having some form of collective redress. However, it is rather difficult to fit this Directive into the economic criteria for centralization as there is no obvious danger of cross-border externalities or a race-to-the-bottom. The article is critical of the fact that the Directive only provides for a representative action and does not mention the alternative of a group action (sometimes referred to as a class action). This is especially problematic if there are very few qualified entities that could bring the representative action. Furthermore, the fact that Member States may choose an opt-in procedure instead of an opt-out procedure is critically evaluated. The most problematic aspect of the Directive is the funding of the representative action. Punitive damages and contingency fees are rejected, and the possibility of third-party funding is restricted. It is therefore to be feared that this Directive, notwithstanding the good intentions, may not lead to much application in practice, since the question of how the representative action is to be financed is not resolved in any satisfactory manner.

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Music listening evokes implicit affiliation

Psychology of Music ◽

10.1177/0305735616680289 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 584-599 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jonna K. Vuoskoski ◽

Eric F. Clarke ◽

Tia DeNora

Keyword(s):

Implicit Association Test ◽

West African ◽

Music Listening ◽

Collective Actions ◽

Motor Resonance ◽

Significant Interaction Effect ◽

African People ◽

Trait Empathy ◽

High Trait ◽

Specific Culture

Recent empirical evidence suggests that – like other synchronized, collective actions – making music together with others fosters affiliation and pro-social behaviour. However, it is not yet known whether these effects are limited to active, interpersonal musical participation, or whether solitary music listening can also produce similar effects. This study examines the hypothesis that listening to music from a specific culture can evoke implicit affiliation towards members of that culture more generally. Furthermore, we hypothesized that listeners with high trait empathy would be more susceptible to the effects. Sixty-one participants listened to a track of either Indian or West African popular music, and subsequently completed an Implicit Association Test measuring implicit preference for Indian versus West African people. A significant interaction effect revealed that listeners with high trait empathy were more likely to display an implicit preference for the ethnic group to whose music they were exposed. We argue that music has particular attributes that may foster affective and motor resonance in listeners.

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Nurses and the collective care practices within the family health strategy: salud de la familia

Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/s0104-11692011000300018 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 581-588 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Cinira Magali Fortuna ◽

Silvia Matumoto ◽

Maria José Bistafa Pereira ◽

Silvana Martins Mishima ◽

Lauren Suemi Kawata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traditional Approach ◽

Family Health ◽

Collective Actions ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Work Processes ◽

Health Strategy ◽

The Family ◽

Family Health Strategy ◽

Care Practices ◽

Analyze Data

This qualitative study identifies and analyzes the practices of nurses regarding collective care interventions in the context of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) and its knowledge development. Semi-structured interviews were held with nurses working in the FHS and thematic analysis was used to analyze data. The theoretical framework was based on the theories of institutional analysis and work processes. The results are arranged into two main themes: Conceptions that support collective care practices and Practices of nurses in collective care. The conclusion is that nurses actively participate both in proposing, coordinating, performing and monitoring these collective actions, though they are still predominantly guided by the traditional approach to health in general and specifically to health education.

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Tourism 2025: an industry perspective

Journal of Tourism Futures ◽

10.1108/jtf-12-2014-0021 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 53-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Simon Wallace ◽

Steve Riley

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

Collective Actions ◽

Content Type ◽

Stakeholder Support ◽

Wide Range ◽

Framework Model ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Small Industry ◽

Global Tourism

Purpose Tourism 2025 – Growing Value Together/Whakatipu Uara Ngatahi is a framework to unite New Zealand's large and diverse tourism industry and ignite strong, aspirational economic growth. Its goal is to see the tourism industry contribute $41 billion a year to the New Zealand economy by 2025, up from $24 billion now. It provides vital context for some collective actions by big or small industry clusters and for thousands of actions individual businesses will take each year. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach A wide range of tourism industry stakeholders were consulted over an 18‐month period to ensure the project was being developed on a solid, evidence‐based foundation. There was strong stakeholder support for a framework which the private sector takes ownership of and responsibility for, but which also recognises that public sector support is vital. The project team developed a “straw‐man” growth framework model which resulted in carrying out detailed investigations and consultation to test and, where necessary, adjust that model into its final form. Findings There were four major forces shaping the global tourism market. There was one positive force for New Zealand countered by three tough challenges. The strawman growth framework comprised five separate yet inter‐connected “cycle of growth” themes. These themes are relatively consistent with global national tourism plans that were studied. Used intelligently and in harmony, with the industry fully understanding the inter‐relationships and inter‐dependencies within the “cycle of growth”, the key themes enable the tourism industry to successfully come to grips with the challenges and opportunities ahead. Originality/value Tourism 2025 is aimed at aligning the industry on a pathway towards aspirational growth.

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Harmonising Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Central and Eastern Europe: The Effectiveness of Legal Transplants Through Consumer Collective Actions

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies ◽

10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2015.8.12.2 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 33-59

Author(s):

Katalin J. Cseres

Keyword(s):

Eastern Europe ◽

Central And Eastern Europe ◽

Competition Law ◽

Private Enforcement ◽

Collective Actions ◽

Legal Rules ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Harmonization Process ◽

Effective Remedy ◽

Law Making

The aim of this paper is to critically analyze the manner of harmonizing private enforcement in the EU. The paper examines the legal rules and, more importantly, the actual enforcement practice of collective consumer actions in EU Member States situated in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Collective actions are the key method of getting compensation for consumers who have suffered harm as a result of an anti-competitive practice. Consumer compensation has always been the core justification for the European Commission’s policy of encouraging private enforcement of competition law. In those cases where collective redress is not available to consumers, or consumers cannot apply existing rules or are unwilling to do so, then both their right to an effective remedy and the public policy goal of private enforcement remain futile. Analyzing collective compensatory actions in CEE countries (CEECs) places the harmonization process in a broader governance framework, created during their EU accession, characterized by top-down law-making and strong EU conditionality. Analyzing collective consumer actions through this ‘Europeanization’ process, and the phenomenon of vertical legal transplants, raises major questions about the effectiveness of legal transplants vis-à-vis homegrown domestic law-making processes. It also poses the question how such legal rules may depend and interact with market, constitutional and institutional reforms.

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Changing the Culture of Coastal, Ocean, and Marine Sciences: Strategies for Individual and Collective Actions

Oceanography ◽

10.5670/oceanog.2021.307 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Mona Behl ◽

Sharon Cooper ◽

Corey Garza ◽

Sarah Kolesar ◽

Sonya Legg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Culture Change ◽

Positive Culture ◽

Coastal Ocean ◽

Collective Actions ◽

Professional Societies ◽

Diversity And Inclusion ◽

Working Environments ◽

Ocean Sciences ◽

Administrative Leaders ◽

Science Community

Geoscience is plagued with structural and systemic barriers that prevent people of historically excluded groups from fully participating in, contributing to, and accruing the benefits of geosciences. A change in the culture of our learning and working environments is required to dismantle barriers and promote belonging, accessibility, justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion in our field. Inspired by a session organized at the 2020 Ocean Sciences Meeting, the goal of this paper is to provide a consolidated summary of a few innovative and broadening participation initiatives that are being led by various stakeholders in academia (e.g., students, faculty, administrative leaders) at different institutional levels (e.g., universities, professional societies). The authors hope that the strategies outlined in this paper will inspire the coastal, ocean, and marine science community to take individual and collective actions that lead to a positive culture change.

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