Telling the Traumas of History

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Lipson Freed
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Distortions ◽  
Leslie Marmon Silko ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Arundhati Roy ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Small Things ◽  
The Third Person

Focusing on the novels Ceremony, by Leslie Marmon Silko, and The God of Small Things, by Arundhati Roy, Chapter 2 uses trauma theory to explore how histories of imperial domination refuse to be confined to the past. These two novels invite readers to identify to varying degrees with their traumatized protagonists, holding out the possibility of a resistant and revisionary “history from below.” Ultimately, however, a careful analysis of these two works reveals how literary trauma theorists, in their eagerness to give voice to the voiceless, are too readily taken in by the imaginative construct of the third-person narrator. While individual characters in these novels may suffer the cognitive distortions of trauma, the fragmentary, non-linear account that their readers receive is, in both cases, mediated by the presence of a narrator whose choices are conscious, volitional, and strategic.

The verbal system

2019 ◽  
pp. 176-231
Author(s):  
D. Gary Miller
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Verbal System ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
System P ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Weak Verbs

Verbs in Gothic are thematic, athematic, or preterite present. Several classes, including modals, are discussed. Strong verbs have seven classes, weak verbs four. Inflectional categories are first, second, and third person, singular, dual (except in the third person), and plural number. Tenses are nonpast and past/preterite. There are two inflected moods, indicative and optative, and two voices (active, passive). The passive is synthetic in the nonpast indicative and optative. The past system features two periphrastic passives, one stative-eventive with wisan (be), the other inchoative and change of state with wairþan (become). Middle functions are mostly represented by simple reflexive structures and -nan verbs. Nonfinite categories include one voice-underspecified infinitive, a nonpast and past participle, and a present active imperative. The third person imperative is normally expressed by an optative.

scholarly journals Unrealism in russian prose of early 20th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Extra-C) ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
Elena V. Astashchenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Second Person ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Imperative Mood

  The aim of the article is to analyze the multilevel manifestation of the text modality - from grammatical to aesthetic and build a general concept of unrealism as a peripheral, but permanent, constant of the modernist era. However, the ubiquity and dominant delimitation, necessary of structures with conjunctions of unreal comparison, with the predominance of those derived from future forms over those derived from the imperfect, also serves to strengthen the independence of the artwork from social pressure. Subsequently, the characteristic structures of modernity, analogous to the European "future in the past", building an alternative reality, are supplanted by the imperative mood of the second person, with the illocutionary act of calling for a change in the existing reality, in the primitive vanguard and the third person with the "pust" particle [let] in the middle of the 20th century, gradually degenerating into the imperative mood with the "puskai" particle [May], whose motivating pathos is extremely low.  

Ieskats Virgas izloksnes fonētikā un morfoloģijā

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Liene Markus-Narvila
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Primary Material ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Third Person

Virga subdialect is one of the subdialects of Southwestern Kurzeme, which belongs to Semigallian subdialects of the Middle Latvian dialect. The characteristics of Virga subdialect can be traced by using mostly three sources: materials of Latvian folklore, the compiled answers to the questions of the Dialectal Atlas of Latvian collection programme, and collected texts of the subdialects, including the materials of expeditions in Virga subdialect collected in the 21st century. These three sources are the primary material for the article. The phonetic and morphological features of Virga subdialect are generally consistent with the phonetical and morphological features typical throughout the Southwestern Kurzeme region. The sections of the article focus on the typical and most representative features in phonetics and morphology of Virga subdialect and reveal their relationship with the typical features of the subdialects used in the whole area. Phonetics of Virga subdialect is characterised by the use of broad e, ē in infinitives, palatal consonant ŗ, assimilation of ln to ll, the loss of sounds in different positions, anaptyxis, and vowel extension before the consonant r. Morphology of Virga subdialect is characterised by the abbreviation of verbs (ne)būt, (ne)iet in the past tense, the third person; ē-stem substantives; āio-stem verbs; the use of suffix ūz-. In the future, further research of Virga subdialect is important in order to determine the stability of the use of the registered features and register other features of the subdialect. Studies of the nearest neighbouring subdialects should also be carried out to allow a wider scientific in-depth analysis of the subdialects used in the area.

Indirect imperative forms

2020 ◽  
pp. 207-209
Author(s):  
Gerjan van Schaaik
Keyword(s):  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Fixed Expressions ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Interpersonal Situations ◽  
The Third Person

An element particularly conspicuous in day-to-day conversation is the frequent occurrence of a verb form by means of which the desirability or advisability of some state of affairs is expressed. This form is often compared to the so-called subjunctive in other languages. However, the function of the indirect imperative in Turkish is quite different. There is one suffix for the third-person singular and one for the third-person plural. Such forms can be negated or questioned, as well as negated and questioned at the same time. And what is more, the projectional suffix for the past is applicable as well. The occurrence of indirect imperative forms in many fixed expressions based on olsun ‘may it be’ shows how important these structures are in interpersonal situations.

The development of suppletive and affixal tense and agreement morphemes in the L3 English of Basque-Spanish bilinguals

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
María del Pilar García Mayo ◽  
Izaskun Villarreal Olaizola
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Third Language ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Spanish Bilinguals

This article examines the third language (L3) developing morphology of 78 Basque—Spanish bilinguals following a Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) program and a mainstream English as a foreign language (non-CLIL) program. The analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal oral data shows that (1) the omission of inflection in the L3 English interlanguage of these groups of learners is due to problems with the realization of surface morphology, (2) there is a dissociation in frequency of suppliance between suppletive inflection (copula and auxiliary be) and affixal inflection (the third person morpheme -s and the past tense morpheme -ed) already attested in L2 data, and (3) no significant differences were found between the two groups tested as far as the development of suppletive and affixal tense and agreement morphemes. The overall findings seem to support full-UG explanations for the variable use of morphology in the acquisition of non-native systems.

Recovering the Past for the Future: Guilt, Memory, and Lidiia Ginzburg's Notes of a Blockade Person

Slavic Review ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Van Buskirk
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Texts ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Generalized Other ◽  
The Future ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Self Examination ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Documentary Literature

In this article, Emily Van Buskirk uses archival manuscripts to peel back layers of Lidiia Ginzburg's palimpsestic Notes of a Blockade Person. She finds in Notes the fragmentary, distanced, and carefully contained traces of Ginzburg's “A Story of Pity and Cruelty,” an intense narrative about guilt and remorse. Relying on Ginzburg's own scholarship, Van Buskirk argues that the author's transformations of experience across multiple texts were inspired by Aleksandr Herzen. Herzen provided a model for developing—out of a family tragedy, personal failure, guilt, and remorse—an elevated memoir that would serve history. Yet Ginzburg's notion of character, her ethics, and her documentary aesthetic were born of a different era and gave rise to different kinds of narratives, written in the third person about a slighdy generalized other, in a single situation. In Ginzburg's attempts to represent the typical Leningrad intellectual's blockade experiences there are tensions (characteristic of documentary literature) between desires for universality and specificity. Self-examination battles against self-exposure, while a commitment to literature of fact withstands an aversion to autobiography.

scholarly journals Epistemic Overconfidence in Algorithmic News Selection

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariken Van der Velden ◽  
Felicia Loecherbach
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Third Person Effect ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Third Person ◽  
News Selection ◽  
Filter Bubbles ◽  
The Third Person

The process of news consumption has undergone great changes over the past decade: Information is now available in an ever-increasing amount from a plethora of sources. Recent work suggests that most people would favor algorithmic solutions over human editors. This stands in contrast to public and scholarly debate about the pitfalls of algorithmic news selection—i.e., the so-called “filter bubbles.” This study therefore investigates reasons and motivations which might lead people to prefer algorithmic gatekeepers over human ones. We expect that people have more algorithmic appreciation when consuming news to pass time, entertain oneself, or out of escapism than when using news to keep up-to-date with politics (H1). Secondly, we hypothesize the extent to which people are confident in their own cognitive abilities to moderate that relationship: When people are overconfident in their own capabilities to estimate the relevance of information, they are more likely to have higher levels of algorithmic appreciation, due to the third person effect (H2). For testing those two pre-registered hypotheses, we conducted an online survey with a sample of 268 US participants and replicated our study using a sample of 384 Dutch participants. The results show that the first hypothesis cannot be supported by our data. However, a positive interaction between overconfidence and algorithmic appreciation for the gratification of surveillance (i.e., gaining information about the world, society, and politics) was found in both samples. Thereby, our study contributes to our understanding of the underlying reasons people have for choosing different forms of gatekeeping when selecting news.

The Genetics of Schizophrenia is the Genetics of Neurodevelopment

1991 ◽  
Vol 158 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jones ◽  
Robin M. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Epidemiology ◽  
Clinical Phenotype ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person

Genes are now accepted as being important in the aetiology of schizophrenia (Gottesman & Shields, 1982; McGuffinet al,1987), and over the past decade the emphasis in genetic research has shifted away from genetic epidemiology to searching the chromosomal DNA for the genes themselves. Despite this increasing technical sophistication, the application of linkage analysis to families multiply affected by schizophrenia has been accompanied by the familiar controversy over the exact borders of the adult clinical phenotype (Sherringtonet al,1988; St Clairet al,1989). Indeed, the preoccupation of researchers with the vagaries of the clinical definition has resulted in repeated attempts to use genetic studies to determine the relative validity of different operational definitions of schizophrenia (McGuffinet al,1984; Farmeret al,1987). To us, such studies beg the question of how precisely genes are involved in the aetiology of schizophrenia; after all, genes code for proteins, not for auditory hallucinations in the third person.

scholarly journals Thinking about the media: A review of theory and research on media perceptions, media effects perceptions, and their consequences

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 35-83
Author(s):  
Douglas M. McLeod ◽  
David Wise ◽  
Mallory Perryman
Keyword(s):  
Media Effects ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Media ◽  
Hostile Media Perception ◽  
Persuasive Press Inference ◽  
The Third Person

This review explicates the past, present and future of theory and research concerning audience perceptions of the media as well as the effects that perceptions of media have on audiences. Before the sections that examine media perceptions and media effects perceptions, we first identify various psychological concepts and processes involved in generating media-related perceptions. In the first section, we analyze two types of media perceptions: media trust/credibility perceptions and bias perceptions, focusing on research on the Hostile Media Perception. In both cases, we address the potential consequences of these perceptions. In the second section, we assess theory and research on perceptions of media effects (often referred to as Presumed Influence) and their consequences (referred to as the Influence of Presumed Influence). As examples of Presumed Influence, we evaluate the literature on the Persuasive Press Inference and the Third-Person Perception. The bodies of research on media perceptions and media effects perceptions have been featured prominently in the top journals of the field of mass communication over the past 20 years. Here we bring them together in one synthetic theoretical review.

Effects of Light-Hearted and Serious Entertainment on Enjoyment of the First and Third Person

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Hofer
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Media Consumption ◽  
First Person ◽  
Online Experiment ◽  
Entertainment Media ◽  
Third Person Effect ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Perceived Enjoyment ◽  
The Third Person

Abstract. This was a study on the perceived enjoyment of different movie genres. In an online experiment, 176 students were randomly divided into two groups (n = 88) and asked to estimate how much they, their closest friends, and young people in general enjoyed either serious or light-hearted movies. These self–other differences in perceived enjoyment of serious or light-hearted movies were also assessed as a function of differing individual motivations underlying entertainment media consumption. The results showed a clear third-person effect for light-hearted movies and a first-person effect for serious movies. The third-person effect for light-hearted movies was moderated by level of hedonic motivation, as participants with high hedonic motivations did not perceive their own and others’ enjoyment of light-hearted films differently. However, eudaimonic motivations did not moderate first-person perceptions in the case of serious films.

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