Machiavelli’s Ambiguous Praise of Paganism

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-118
Author(s):  
Vickie B. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Human Experience ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Private Benefits ◽  
Popular Support ◽  
Niccolò Machiavelli ◽  
The People ◽  
Roman People ◽  
The Republic ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The City

This chapter argues that Niccolò Machiavelli considers the Roman leaders' use of pagan religion to maintain popular support as pernicious. It enabled the leaders of the people to put this religion to a very different purpose. The successive innovations of aspiring tyrants strengthened such appeals and eventuated in the destruction of the republic. Christianity transcends the methods of Caesar and the Gracchi in a critical way. Christ's followers pique the passions of the people not merely with lands that many Romans have not seen, but with domains beyond human experience. This appeal to transcendence trumped all the benefits the city of Rome could offer. When the Roman people accepted the imported doctrine, they no longer needed to devote themselves to the earthly city to receive their rewards, and thus “civil life” was utterly transcended in Rome. Therefore, only when the critical element of a promise of divine provision was added to the familiar litany of private benefits did the line of ingenious aspiring tyrants, who wished to transcend civil life, achieve its goal.

scholarly journals The transformation of the city of Zion: From decadence to justice and prophetic hope (Is. 1:1–2:5)

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alphonso Groenewald
Keyword(s):  
People Of God ◽  
The People ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The City

This article focuses on the story of the transformation of the city called Zion. Isaiah 1:1–2:5 is the key to the book. This chapter describes the failure of Israel to be the people of God: Israel’s covenant breach, a corrupted cult and imminent punishment. It tells of the existence of two groups within Israel: the righteous remnant who would be saved and the wicked who would be judged. This chapter furthermore presents the reader with a picture of decadent Jerusalem whose sacrifices are rejected and whose prayers are no longer accepted. Isaiah 1 contains a warning of judgement against Jerusalem, whereas Isaiah 2:1–5 sketches the prophetic hope for Zion, which would lead to a pilgrimage of the nations to receive the Torah on Zion.

evacuation of blood occurred at a time when I was in great pain and already despaired of, I might even have died from suppuration. As it was, it was this that saved me, the evacuation of blood. To prove that in this too I am telling the truth, and that I was subjected to illness such as to reduce me to a desperate condition, as a result of the blows I received from these men, read the doctor’s deposition and that of the people who visited me. Depositions [13] So the fact that the blows I received were not slight or insignificant but that I found myself in extreme danger because of the outrageous behaviour and the violence of these people, and so the action I have brought is far less serious than they deserve, this has I think been made clear to you on many counts. And I imagine that some of you are wondering what on earth Konon will dare to say in reply to this. Now I want to warn you about the argument I am informed he has contrived; he will attempt to divert the issue away from the outrage of what was done and reduce it to laughter and ridicule. [14] And he will say that there are many individuals in the city, the sons of decent men, who in the playful manner of young people have given themselves titles, and they call some ‘Ithyphallics’, others ‘Down-and-outs’; that some of them love courtesans and have often suffered and inflicted blows over a courtesan, and that this is the way of young people. As for my brothers and myself, he will misrepresent all of us as drunken and violent but also as unreasonable and vindictive. [15] Personally, judges, though I have been angered by the treatment I have received, my indignation and feeling of having been outraged would be no less, if I may say so, if these statements about us by Konon here are regarded as the truth and your ignorance is such that each man is taken for whatever he claims or his neighbour alleges him to be, and decent men get no benefit at all from their normal life and habits. [16] We have not been seen either drunk or behaving violently by anyone in the world, nor do we think we are behaving unreasonably if we demand to receive satisfaction under the laws for the wrongs done to us. We agree that his sons are ‘Ithyphallics’ and ‘Down-and-outs’, and I for my part pray to the gods that this and all else of the sort may recoil upon Konon and his sons. [17] For these are the men who initiate each other into the rites of Ithyphallos and commit the sort of acts which decent people find it deeply shameful even to speak of, let alone do.

2002 ◽  
pp. 96-96
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Decent People ◽  
Normal Life ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Pain ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

Crimes against the State

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Callie Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
The Public ◽  
State Security ◽  
The People ◽  
Roman People ◽  
The Republic

During most of the Republic, the Romans viewed only perduellio as a threat to state security. Other threats were dealt with through institutionalised mechanisms of stability in Rome’s political structure, above all through the public lawmaking assemblies. Only when the political system wavered in the late Republic did the Romans criminalise “diminishing the superiority of the Roman people” maiestas populi Romani minuta (maiestas) as a crime against the state. Inherent in maiestas is the authority of the Roman people to negotiate consensus through the public lawmaking process in which the people voiced their commands. During the Empire, the emperor embodied the superiority of the Roman people and through him, as the chief lawmaker of Rome, were channelled the commands of the people. The scope of maiestas was altered to adapt to changing ideas of the state, but the idea that maiestas constituted the chief crime against the state persisted.

scholarly journals Pragmatic approach to construction and reinvention of cities in developing countries: the case of Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 2281-2291
Author(s):  
NZOUSSI HILAIRE KEVIN
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Adequate Response ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Congo Brazzaville ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The City

  Urbanization is a very old phenomenon and does not date today. For centuries, the urbanization of cities has been inevitably accelerating. In recent years, more than 50% of the world's population lives in urban areas. This percentage will increase in the coming years. Urbanization poses many problems in the cities of developing countries that require reinvention and pragmatic constructions to achieve sustainable cities. This is the case of Congo Brazzaville capital policy that is growing disproportionately and disorderly without planning methods or urbanization or even adaptation to receive a large population who moved to town in search of well being. Urbanization is a perplexed area and includes several sub-issues that are: socio-economic, environmental but also spatial. However, Brazzaville is in a state of total disrepair resulting in a dysfunction of the urban space. Brazzaville has inherited a colonial space with a dual character. The pragmatic reconstruction will certainly provide an adequate response to the problems facing the city of Brazzaville. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for the regulation and regeneration of the urban environment. Then, rethinking renaming the city of Brazzaville to ensure a pragmatic reconstruction that will allow the populations to have a radiant living environment.

scholarly journals Visitas reales y lugares de la memoria: el mariscal Suchet, José I y Fernando VII en Valencia = Royal visits and places of memory: The marshal Suchet, José I and Fernando VII in Valencia

2020 ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
María Pilar Hernando Serra
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Royal Authority ◽  
The People ◽  
Places Of Memory ◽  
Peninsular War ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The City ◽  
Social Act ◽  
Sobre Todo

Resumen: Desde siempre las visitas reales fueron uno de los acontecimientos festivos más significativos que se podía vivir en una ciudad. La presencia del rey en la misma significaba la alianza del pueblo con su soberano. Era un acto social, pero sobre todo político. Durante la Guerra de la Independencia estas ceremonias estuvieron cargados de una simbología que se fijó sobre todo en la propia guerra: sus héroes, sus victorias, la fe amenazada o su rey cautivo. Los valencianos también tuvieron ocasión de festejar la presencia de la autoridad real en la ciudad. José I y Fernando VII estarían en Valencia en dos momentos bien distintos. Además, la ciudad también tuvo que recibir, con honores de rey, al que sería su máxima autoridad con el título de gobernador de la misma, el mariscal Suchet. Para la mayoría de la población, dos de ellos eran intrusos; el otro, era el deseado.Palabras clave: Fernando VII, Guerra de la Independencia, José I, Suchet, Vistas reales, Valencia.Abstract: Royal visits have always been one of the most significant festive events that could be experienced in a city. The presence of the king in it meant the alliance of the people with their sovereign. It was a social act, but above all a political one. During the Peninsular War, these ceremonies were charged with a symbolism that focused above all on the war itself: its heroes, its victories, its threatened faith or its captive king. The Valencians also had the opportunity to celebrate the presence of the royal authority in the city. José I and Fernando VII would be in Valencia at two very different times. In addition, the city also had to receive, with the honors of a king, its highest authority with the title of governor of the same, Marshal Suchet. For the majority of the population, two of them were intruders; the other was the desired one. Keywords: Fernando VII, Peninsular War, José I, Suchet, Royal Visits. Valencia.

Machiavelli’s Rule and Human Liberty

2020 ◽  
pp. 172-190
Author(s):  
Vickie B. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Niccolo Machiavelli ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Niccolò Machiavelli ◽  
The People ◽  
Human Liberty ◽  
The Republic

This chapter determines that, by perverting the previous understandings to which Niccolò Machiavelli explicitly appeals, he furnishes the impetus for a new understanding. He thus can be taken to be a type of ruler. A consideration of his rule—its envisioned extent, its intended effects, and its manner of attainment—allows this chapter to liken his dispensation to, and to distinguish it from, the rule he wants to overturn. Although fear will reign in the republic he envisions, in gathering adherents he avails himself of an appeal to love. Unlike the current prince, however, he offers his love for the people on the condition that they hear his call to arms. In his capacity as ruler he intends to allow human beings what they have been denied for so long: honor and glory for their earthly exploits. Indeed, he endeavors to replace the divine and natural realms with the human one. By his assumption of his exalted position and his imposition of human necessity, human beings will cultivate the faculties—those of the soldier—that will allow them to establish a human republic.

Quintilian, Statius and the Lost Epic of Domitian

Ramus ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Penwill
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Jorge Luis Borges ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Roman People ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City ◽  
Traditional Manner

‘sophos’ uniuersi clamamus et sublatis manibus ad cameram iuramus Hipparchum Aratumque comparandos illi homines non fuisse…(‘Fantastic!’ we all cry, and raising our hands to the ceiling we swear that not even Hipparchus and Aratus could have been put on a par with him.)Petronius SatyriconThis then is the visible work of Menard, in chronological order….I turn now to his other work: the subterranean, the interminably heroic, the peerless.Jorge Luis Borges, ‘Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote’The Flavians needed a poet. When Octavian established the Julio-Claudian dynasty he had in his hands a usefully exploitable victory over the forces of chaos and oriental despotism, a spin on Actium and its aftermath that was given full epic representation in the Aeneid's description of Aeneas' shield (Aen. 8.671-713); Antony was compromised by Cleopatra and years of propaganda, and it all took place far enough away for the final act in what everyone knew was a civil war to be portrayed as defeat of a foreign power and celebrated as such in the traditional manner (Caesar triplici inuectus Rotnana triumpholmoenia…, ‘Caesar, borne within the walls of Rome in triple triumph’, Aen. 8.714f.). By contrast the Flavian ascendancy was achieved through assault on these selfsame walls, and involved the desecration and burning of the Capitol (Tac. Hist. 3.69-74, who remarks id facinus post conditam urbem luctuosissimum foedissimumque rei publicae populi Romani accidit, ‘this was the most deplorable and outrageous crime to befall the republic of the Roman people since the foundation of the city’).

scholarly journals Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Hybrid Kondisi Jalan dan Fasilitas Kelengkapan Jalan di Kota Mataram

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-226
Author(s):  
Puspita Asri Nurmalasari ◽  
Nadiyasari Agitha ◽  
Ahmad Zafrullah Mardiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Web Application ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Test Results ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Road ◽  
Average Rating ◽  
The People ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The City

Hybrid Application of Roads and Road Fittings Facilities Conditions in the City of Mataram is an application consisting of web applications and mobile applications. The web application is used by Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Ruang of mataram city and Dinas Perhubungan of mataram city to manage condition data from city roads and also road fittings facilities in the city of Mataram and to receive complaints of damage from the public. While the mobile application is used by the people of the city of Mataram to see the condition of the road and road fittings facilities based on data from the department and the public can also make complaints about damage from roads and road facilities. System testing using the Black Box method and MOS testing. MOS test results indicate that the average rating of respondents from Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Ruang of Mataram City stated strongly agree and agree were 66.67% and 33.33%. The average rating of respondents from Dinas Perhubungan of Mataram City stated strongly agree and agree were 58,33% and 41,67%.  The average rating of respondents from the community stated strongly agree and agree were 52,50% and 44,17%. Therefore, this research concluded that this system is eligible to use.

Korean Composers in Profile

Tempo ◽  
1995 ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Babcock
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
Traditional Music ◽  
Music Making ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The People ◽  
Korean Composers ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City

Ancient, ornately carved palaces in the midst of a megalopolis, the spirituality of delicate green Koryo celadon, an archaic traditional music as pungent (and delicious) as kimchi – once experienced, never forgotten. Add to these the city of Kyongju, called the ‘museum without walls’, the many reminders of a long history of suffering under Japanese oppression and the uninterrupted excellence of its poetry and visual arts, and one begins to feel Korea's special quality. The country is prosperous; education in all fields, including the arts, is given high priority. Contemporary life is vibrant and intense; the people possess a seemingly boundless capacity for hard work as well as for celebration, festivity, ceremony and mourning – and for music-making. Hardly surprising, then, that the compositional scene in the Republic of South Korea is booming, to say the least.

scholarly journals Development of flexibility in children of primary school age with the use of original means of physical education

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 03030
Author(s):  
Nikolai Gogolev ◽  
Sardana Kolodeznikova ◽  
Arian Tarasov
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
School Age ◽  
The Republic ◽  
General Physical ◽  
Primary School Age ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The City

The article presents the results of a study of the flexibility of children of primary school age in rural areas on the example of a municipal school in the city of Yakutsk. Many children experience the lack of physical training and are to be trained in a certain way in order to receive better results. The metgodology of training proposed by the authors and experimentally tested in the the Municipal Educational Institution “Zarechnaya MGES” of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the city of Yakutsk, Russia in the classes on general physical training demonstrates excellent results and is highly recommended to be used by the trainers in the Republic and the whole country.

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