Competing Conceptions of Free Speech
This chapter focuses on the American debate over the meaning of “freedom of speech,” which has been a contest between two ideas: the “order and morality” theory and the “marketplace of ideas” theory. It discusses the “order and morality” theory as a conception of freedom of speech that is grounded in the notion that freedom of speech cannot be elevated above the “social compact” that binds society. It also emphasizes that speech that undermines order or morality may be punished by laws enacted through the democratic process. The chapter explains that the marketplace theory is the opposite of order and morality, arguing that it is grounded in the notion that democracy is subordinate to free speech. It clarifies that the test of truth and morality should be the power of a thought to win in the competition of the marketplace of ideas.