scholarly journals Evaluating active versus passive sources of human brucellosis in Jining City, China

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11637
Author(s):  
Xihong Sun ◽  
Wenguo Jiang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Xiuchun Li ◽  
Qingyi Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Passive Detection ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Active Detection

Human brucellosis (HB) remains a serious public health concern owing to its resurgence across the globe and specifically in China. The timely detection of this disease is the key to its prevention and control. We sought to describe the differences in the demographics of high-risk populations with detected cases of HB contracted from active versus passive sources. We collected data from a large sample population from January to December 2018, in Jining City, China. We recruited patients that were at high-risk for brucellosis from three hospitals and Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs). These patients were classified into two groups: the active detection group was composed of individuals receiving brucellosis counseling at the CDCs; the passive detection group came from hospitals and high-risk HB groups. We tested a total of 2,247 subjects and 13.3% (299) presented as positive for HB. The positive rates for active and passive detection groups were 20.5% (256/1,249) and 4.3% (43/998), respectively (p < 0.001). The detection rate of confirmed HB cases varied among all groups but was higher in the active detection group than in the passive detection group when controlled for age, sex, ethnicity, education, career, and contact history with sheep or cattle (p < 0.05). Males, farmers, those with four types of contact history with sheep or cattle, and those presenting fever, hyperhidrosis and muscle pain were independent factors associated with confirmed HB cases in multivariate analysis of the active detection group. Active detection is the most common method used to detect brucellosis cases and should be applied to detect HB cases early and avoid misdiagnosis. We need to improve our understanding of brucellosis for high-risk populations. Passive HB detection can be supplemented with active detection when the cognitive changes resulting from brucellosis are low. It is important that healthcare providers understand and emphasis the timely diagnosis of HB.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the card test for diagnosis of human brucellosis

1978 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 454-458
Author(s):  
A O Russell ◽  
C M Patton ◽  
A F Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Serological Diagnosis ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Relative Efficacy ◽  
Potential Exposure ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Card Test

The relative efficacy of the card test in the diagnosis of human brucellosis was evaluated by comparison with four other tests: the standard tube agglutination test, centrifugation agglutination test, 2-mercaptoethanol degradation technique, and 2-mercaptoethanol centrifugation agglutination test. A total of 1,701 serum specimens from persons with various degrees of potential exposure to brucella organisms or cross-reactive antigens were used in this study. In comparison with standard tube agglutination results, the card test had a sensitivity of 95.3% and a specificity of 84.1%. The card-test antigen was nonreactive with serum specimens from tularemia patients and cholera vaccinees. Our data indicated that this test measures both immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M agglutinins. The value of the card test in the presumptive serological diagnosis of clinical brucellosis in humans appears to be low; however, the card test may be of value in serological surveys to delineate high-risk populations.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis among High-Risk Individuals in Morocco

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mohamed El Azhari ◽  
Mathieu Picardeau ◽  
Imad Cherkaoui ◽  
Mohamed Anouar Sadat ◽  
Houda Moumni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Human Blood Samples

Background. Leptospirosis is an anthropozoonotic reemerging neglected infectious disease underreported in most developing countries. A cross-sectional study was performed between 17 and 23 February 2014 to estimate the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among high-risk populations in Casablanca (Morocco). Methods. A total of 490 human serum samples (97.6% males) were collected in 3 high-risk occupational sites including the biggest meat slaughterhouse (n = 208), a poultry market (n = 121), and the fish market (n = 161). A total of 125 human blood samples were also collected from the general population and used in this study as a control group. To detect the presence of anti-Leptospira, sera were screened with in-house IgG and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive samples were tested by Microscopic Agglutination Technique (MAT) using a panel of 24 serovar cultures and cut point of 1 : 25. Results. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among the control group was 10.4% (13/125). A high seropositivity among the overall seroprevalence of 24.1% (118/490) was observed in the high-risk groups of which 7.3% (36/490), 13.7% (67/490), and 3.1% (15/490) were for anti-Leptospira IgM, IgG, and both IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. Most of the positive individuals were occupationally involved in poultry (37.2%), followed by the market fish (26.1%) and the meat slaughterhouse (14.9%) workers. Among all ELISA-positive serum samples, 20.3% (n = 24) had positive MAT responses, of which the Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 7) is the most common infecting serogroup followed by Javanica (4), Australis (2), and Sejroe, Mini, and Panama (one in each). In the remaining 8 MAT-positive sera, MAT showed equal titers against more than one serogroup. Conclusion. Individuals engaged in risk activities are often exposed to leptospiral infection. Therefore, control and prevention policies toward these populations are necessary.

HIV digital vaccine strategy: An application of blockchain technology in preventing the spread of HIV (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
High Risk Sexual Behavior ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
The Government ◽  
Susceptible Populations

UNSTRUCTURED The HIV epidemic poses a heavy burden on societal development. Presently, the protection of susceptible populations is the most feasible method for eliminating the spread of HIV. The government and other relevant industries always attempt at solving the problem, in view of the unavailability of biological vaccines, no better measures can take except identify HIV-infected persons, provide treatment and behavioral intervention. This study proposes a HIV digital vaccine strategy. Based on blockchain technology, a decentralized surveillance network has been jointly constructed using HIV high-risk individuals as application nodes and accredited testing agencies as authentication nodes. When testing accomplished at authentication nodes, the results uploaded to the blockchain, thus HIV high-risk populations can determine the HIV infection status of one another in a convenient, anonymous, and credible manner, thereby reducing the occurrences of high-risk sexual behavior and effectively protecting susceptible populations. This is a promising solution to prevent the spread of HIV. The performance of decentralized surveillance network may lead to the restructuring of current government-funded infectious disease prevention and control modes that are centered on centers for disease control and prevention and hospitals to introduce revolutionary changes in public health systems globally.

scholarly journals Modeling the Impact of a Coronavirus Vaccine Among Low and High Risk Populations in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Ruffin ◽  
Ariana Richardson ◽  
Enahoro A Iboi
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was first reported in the U.S. on December 29, 2019 and has spread rapidly throughout the country, affecting individuals with varying severity due to their risk status. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it is estimated that 45.4% of US adults are at higher risk for complications from coronavirus disease because of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory disease, hypertension, or cancer. In this study, we developed a mathematical model to assess the impact of a COVID-19 vaccine among low and high risk groups. Numerical simulations shows vaccinating both low and high risk groups simultaneously, rather than prioritizing the vaccine on high risk group only, further reduces the daily mortality. The result supports the need for an aggressive vaccination program, regardless of whether individuals are within the low or high risk population.

Treatment Interventions for PTSD in Difficult or High Risk Populations

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keri Pinna ◽  
Maria Pacella ◽  
Norah Feeny ◽  
Brittain Lamoureux
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
High Risk Populations

HIV digital vaccine strategy: An application of blockchain technology in preventing the spread of HIV (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Liu ◽  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Dingyong Sun ◽  
Xiying Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
High Risk Sexual Behavior ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Susceptible Populations ◽  
And Control

UNSTRUCTURED The HIV epidemic imposes a heavy burden on societal development. Presently, the protection of susceptible populations is the most feasible method for eliminating the spread of HIV. Governments and other relevant industries are actively attempting to solve the problem. In view of the unavailability of biological vaccines, the best measures that can currently be applied are identification of HIV-infected persons and provision of treatment and behavioral intervention. This paper proposes a HIV digital vaccine strategy based on blockchain technology. In the proposed strategy, a decentralized surveillance network is jointly constructed using HIV high-risk individuals as application nodes and accredited testing agencies as authentication nodes. Following testing at the authentication nodes, the results are uploaded to the blockchain, which results in HIV high-risk individuals being able to determine the HIV infection status of each other in a convenient, anonymous, and credible manner. This reduces the occurrence of high-risk sexual behavior and effectively protects susceptible populations. The proposed strategy is a promising solution to prevent the spread of HIV. The performance of the decentralized surveillance network may lead to the restructuring of current government-funded infectious disease prevention and control modes that are centered on centers for disease control and prevention and hospitals to introduce revolutionary changes in public health systems globally.

Overcoming the barriers to HPV vaccination in high-risk populations in the U.S.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Teoh ◽  
E.K. Hill ◽  
W. Goldsberry ◽  
L. Levine ◽  
A. Novetsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Compliance with Standard Precautions and Its Relationship with Views on Infection Control and Prevention Policy among Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3420
Author(s):  
Eliza Lai-Yi Wong ◽  
Kin-Fai Ho ◽  
Dong Dong ◽  
Annie Wai-Ling Cheung ◽  
Peter Sen-Yung Yau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Prevention Policy ◽  
Standard Precautions ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
And Control ◽  
Infection Control And Prevention

Background: Standard precautions prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. Incompliance with infection control guidelines of healthcare workers (HCWs) may increase their risk of exposure to infectious disease, especially under pandemics. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of compliance with the infection prevention and control practices among HCWs in different healthcare settings and its relationship with their views on workplace infection control measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Nurses in Hong Kong were invited to respond to a cross-sectional online survey, in which their views on workplace infection and prevention policy, compliance with standard precautions and self-reported health during pandemics were collected. Results: The respondents were dissatisfied with workplace infection and prevention policy in terms of comprehensiveness (62%), clarity (64%), timeliness (63%), and transparency (60%). For the protective behavior, the respondents did not fully comply with the standard precautions when they were involved in medical care. Their compliance was relatively low when having proper patient handling (54%) and performing invasive procedures (46%). A multivariate analysis model proved that the level of compliance of the standard precautions was positively associated with the satisfaction on infection control and prevention policy among high risk group (0.020; 95% CI: 0.005–0.036), while older respondents had higher level of compliance among the inpatient and outpatient groups (coefficient range: 0.065–0.076). The higher level of compliance was also significantly associated with working in designated team and having chronic condition of the respondents among high-risk and inpatient groups. Conclusions: Standard precautions are the most important elements to reduce cross-transmission among HCWs and patients while the satisfaction on infection control and prevention policy would increase the compliance among the high-risk group. An overall suboptimal compliance and poor views on the infection prevention and control guidelines is a warning signal to healthcare system especially during pandemics.

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