HIV digital vaccine strategy: An application of blockchain technology in preventing the spread of HIV (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
High Risk Sexual Behavior ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
The Government ◽  
Susceptible Populations

UNSTRUCTURED The HIV epidemic poses a heavy burden on societal development. Presently, the protection of susceptible populations is the most feasible method for eliminating the spread of HIV. The government and other relevant industries always attempt at solving the problem, in view of the unavailability of biological vaccines, no better measures can take except identify HIV-infected persons, provide treatment and behavioral intervention. This study proposes a HIV digital vaccine strategy. Based on blockchain technology, a decentralized surveillance network has been jointly constructed using HIV high-risk individuals as application nodes and accredited testing agencies as authentication nodes. When testing accomplished at authentication nodes, the results uploaded to the blockchain, thus HIV high-risk populations can determine the HIV infection status of one another in a convenient, anonymous, and credible manner, thereby reducing the occurrences of high-risk sexual behavior and effectively protecting susceptible populations. This is a promising solution to prevent the spread of HIV. The performance of decentralized surveillance network may lead to the restructuring of current government-funded infectious disease prevention and control modes that are centered on centers for disease control and prevention and hospitals to introduce revolutionary changes in public health systems globally.

HIV digital vaccine strategy: An application of blockchain technology in preventing the spread of HIV (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Liu ◽  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Dingyong Sun ◽  
Xiying Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
High Risk Sexual Behavior ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Susceptible Populations ◽  
And Control

UNSTRUCTURED The HIV epidemic imposes a heavy burden on societal development. Presently, the protection of susceptible populations is the most feasible method for eliminating the spread of HIV. Governments and other relevant industries are actively attempting to solve the problem. In view of the unavailability of biological vaccines, the best measures that can currently be applied are identification of HIV-infected persons and provision of treatment and behavioral intervention. This paper proposes a HIV digital vaccine strategy based on blockchain technology. In the proposed strategy, a decentralized surveillance network is jointly constructed using HIV high-risk individuals as application nodes and accredited testing agencies as authentication nodes. Following testing at the authentication nodes, the results are uploaded to the blockchain, which results in HIV high-risk individuals being able to determine the HIV infection status of each other in a convenient, anonymous, and credible manner. This reduces the occurrence of high-risk sexual behavior and effectively protects susceptible populations. The proposed strategy is a promising solution to prevent the spread of HIV. The performance of the decentralized surveillance network may lead to the restructuring of current government-funded infectious disease prevention and control modes that are centered on centers for disease control and prevention and hospitals to introduce revolutionary changes in public health systems globally.

scholarly journals High-risk sexual behavior among dakocan (female coffee seller)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Iwan Saka Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
High Risk Sexual Behavior ◽  
The Government ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Sexual Services ◽  
Risk Sexual Behavior ◽  
Hiv Aids

HIV/AIDS cases among female sex workers in Buleleng regency was suspected related to the increasing number of indirect sex workers. Coffee sellers named dakocan who are not only selling coffee, or various food but also providing alcoholic drink and sexual service.  This study aimed to provide an overview of high-risk sexual behavior among dakocan and its determinants. The study applied a mixed-method design. First of all, the survey was conducted among 64 respondents. 14 confirmed that they were also providing sexual services who were further interviewed more deeply to know the sexual behavior related to high risk of HIV transmission. Quantitative analysis the respondents were having poor knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS (59.38%) and not a serious disease (62,50%) and 59.38 %having a low perception ,as much as 67,19% respondents perceived that they are having a high-risk variables that are significant low perception toward benefits of using condoms (95%CI=0.002-0.759; p=0.032), experience in undergoing HIV/AIDS examination (95%CI=1.039-182.903; p=0.047). These findings are supported by the qualitative interview. The government program is required to change dakocan behavior by providing preventive services including more campaigns in the importance of condoms.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis among High-Risk Individuals in Morocco

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mohamed El Azhari ◽  
Mathieu Picardeau ◽  
Imad Cherkaoui ◽  
Mohamed Anouar Sadat ◽  
Houda Moumni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Human Blood Samples

Background. Leptospirosis is an anthropozoonotic reemerging neglected infectious disease underreported in most developing countries. A cross-sectional study was performed between 17 and 23 February 2014 to estimate the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among high-risk populations in Casablanca (Morocco). Methods. A total of 490 human serum samples (97.6% males) were collected in 3 high-risk occupational sites including the biggest meat slaughterhouse (n = 208), a poultry market (n = 121), and the fish market (n = 161). A total of 125 human blood samples were also collected from the general population and used in this study as a control group. To detect the presence of anti-Leptospira, sera were screened with in-house IgG and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive samples were tested by Microscopic Agglutination Technique (MAT) using a panel of 24 serovar cultures and cut point of 1 : 25. Results. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among the control group was 10.4% (13/125). A high seropositivity among the overall seroprevalence of 24.1% (118/490) was observed in the high-risk groups of which 7.3% (36/490), 13.7% (67/490), and 3.1% (15/490) were for anti-Leptospira IgM, IgG, and both IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. Most of the positive individuals were occupationally involved in poultry (37.2%), followed by the market fish (26.1%) and the meat slaughterhouse (14.9%) workers. Among all ELISA-positive serum samples, 20.3% (n = 24) had positive MAT responses, of which the Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 7) is the most common infecting serogroup followed by Javanica (4), Australis (2), and Sejroe, Mini, and Panama (one in each). In the remaining 8 MAT-positive sera, MAT showed equal titers against more than one serogroup. Conclusion. Individuals engaged in risk activities are often exposed to leptospiral infection. Therefore, control and prevention policies toward these populations are necessary.

scholarly journals How Do Experts and Nonexperts Want to Promote Vaccines? Hepatitis E Vaccine as Example

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 117863291989727
Author(s):  
Hong Ren ◽  
Abram L Wagner ◽  
Jia-Yu Xie ◽  
Kai-Yun Chen ◽  
Yi-Han Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
The Government

Low- and middle-income countries receive limited guidance from external entities about how to introduce vaccines. This is especially true for the Hepatitis E (HepE) vaccine, which is currently only commercially available in China. The aims of this qualitative study are to identify which attributes of the HepE disease and vaccine are considered important, and to compare desired promotion methods between different stakeholders. Stakeholders included experts (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention staff, health care providers, and researchers), and nonexperts included members of high-risk populations, HepE cases, and vaccinees. Participants’ thoughts were coded and broadly summarized. We contacted 63 persons—35 experts and 28 nonexperts. Safety and effectiveness (but not price) of the vaccine, along with severity of disease and transmission route of infection, were all listed as important attributes. Emphasizing the importance of sharing stories from cases, relying on personal experiences, staying away from statistical explanations, and using the government as a source of promotion were other points repeatedly raised by the participants. Qualitative interviews with experts and nonexperts has revealed that focusing on attributes of disease severity and susceptibility to infection, as well as vaccine safety and effectiveness within stories of cases, are preferred ways to promote the vaccine.

scholarly journals Modeling the Impact of a Coronavirus Vaccine Among Low and High Risk Populations in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Ruffin ◽  
Ariana Richardson ◽  
Enahoro A Iboi
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was first reported in the U.S. on December 29, 2019 and has spread rapidly throughout the country, affecting individuals with varying severity due to their risk status. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it is estimated that 45.4% of US adults are at higher risk for complications from coronavirus disease because of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory disease, hypertension, or cancer. In this study, we developed a mathematical model to assess the impact of a COVID-19 vaccine among low and high risk groups. Numerical simulations shows vaccinating both low and high risk groups simultaneously, rather than prioritizing the vaccine on high risk group only, further reduces the daily mortality. The result supports the need for an aggressive vaccination program, regardless of whether individuals are within the low or high risk population.

scholarly journals Evaluating active versus passive sources of human brucellosis in Jining City, China

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11637
Author(s):  
Xihong Sun ◽  
Wenguo Jiang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Xiuchun Li ◽  
Qingyi Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Passive Detection ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Active Detection

Human brucellosis (HB) remains a serious public health concern owing to its resurgence across the globe and specifically in China. The timely detection of this disease is the key to its prevention and control. We sought to describe the differences in the demographics of high-risk populations with detected cases of HB contracted from active versus passive sources. We collected data from a large sample population from January to December 2018, in Jining City, China. We recruited patients that were at high-risk for brucellosis from three hospitals and Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs). These patients were classified into two groups: the active detection group was composed of individuals receiving brucellosis counseling at the CDCs; the passive detection group came from hospitals and high-risk HB groups. We tested a total of 2,247 subjects and 13.3% (299) presented as positive for HB. The positive rates for active and passive detection groups were 20.5% (256/1,249) and 4.3% (43/998), respectively (p < 0.001). The detection rate of confirmed HB cases varied among all groups but was higher in the active detection group than in the passive detection group when controlled for age, sex, ethnicity, education, career, and contact history with sheep or cattle (p < 0.05). Males, farmers, those with four types of contact history with sheep or cattle, and those presenting fever, hyperhidrosis and muscle pain were independent factors associated with confirmed HB cases in multivariate analysis of the active detection group. Active detection is the most common method used to detect brucellosis cases and should be applied to detect HB cases early and avoid misdiagnosis. We need to improve our understanding of brucellosis for high-risk populations. Passive HB detection can be supplemented with active detection when the cognitive changes resulting from brucellosis are low. It is important that healthcare providers understand and emphasis the timely diagnosis of HB.

scholarly journals Incidence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infections in Africa: A Systematic Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharanya Rajagopal ◽  
Amalia Magaret ◽  
Nelly Mugo ◽  
Anna Wald
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
High Risk Sexual Behavior ◽  
Vaccine Trials ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Simplex Virus

Abstract The burden of HSV type 2 varies substantially by region, with the highest incidence and prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. We undertook a systematic review to identify studies reporting prospective data on incidence rates in men and women in Africa. Of 18 eligible studies, 7 were conducted in high-risk populations. Among women, incidence rates appeared to be higher in those with high-risk sexual behavior, with rates ranging from 3 to 23 per 100 person-years. In contrast, incidence rates in men appeared to be lower, ranging from 1 to 12 per 100 person-years. Risk factors for HSV-2 in women included prevalent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, younger age at sexual initiation, and sexual activity. Among men, condom use and circumcision had a protective effect, whereas prevalent HIV increased the risk of HSV-2 acquisition. This review draws attention to the high HSV-2 acquisition rates reported in Africa, thereby identifying an efficient setting for preventative HSV-2 vaccine trials.

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