Ploidy level enhances the photosynthetic capacity of a tetraploid variety of Acer buergerianum Miq.

Background Polyploidy plays an important role in plant breeding and has widespread effects on photosynthetic capacity. To determine the photosynthetic capacity of the tetraploid variety Acer buergerianum Miq. ‘Xingwang’, we compared the gas exchange parameters, chloroplast structure, chlorophyll contents, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters between the tetraploid Acer buergerianum ‘Xingwang’ and the diploid ‘S4’. To evaluate the effects of genome duplication on the photosynthetic capacity of Acer buergerianum ‘Xingwang’, the transcriptomes of the autotetraploid ‘Xingwang’ and the diploid ‘S4’ of A. buergerianum were compared. Methods The ploidy of Acer buergerianum ‘Xingwang’ was identified by flow cytometry and the chromosome counting method. An LI-6800 portable photosynthesis system analyzer was used to assess the gas exchange parameters of the tetraploid variety ‘Xingwang’ and diploid variety ‘S4’ of A. buergerianum. We used a BioMate 3S ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and portable modulated fluorometer to measure the chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, respectively, of ‘Xingwang’ and ‘S4’. Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was used to identify the differences in the genes involved in the photosynthetic differences and determine their expression characteristics. Results The single-cell DNA content and chromosome number of the tetraploid ‘Xingwang’ were twice those found in the normal diploid ‘S4’. In terms of gas exchange parameters, the change in stomatal conductance, change in intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate of ‘Xingwang’ were higher than those of the diploid ‘S4’. The chlorophyll contents, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII and the potential photochemical efficiency of PSII in ‘Xingwang’ were higher than those of ‘S4’. The chloroplasts of ‘Xingwang’ contained thicker thylakoid lamellae. By the use of Illumina sequencing technology, a total of 51,807 unigenes were obtained; they had an average length of 1,487 nt, and the average N50 was 2,034 nt. The lengths of most of the unigenes obtained ranged from 200–300 bp, with an average value of 5,262, followed by those longer than 3,000 bp, with an average value of 4,791. The data revealed numerous differences in gene expression between the two transcriptomes. In total, 24,221 differentially expressed genes were screened, and the percentage of differentially expressed genes was as high as 46.75% (24,224/51,807), of which 10,474 genes were upregulated and 13,747 genes were downregulated. We analyzed the key genes in the photosynthesis pathway and the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathway; the upregulation of HemB may promote an increase in the chlorophyll contents of ‘Xingwang’, and the upregulation of related genes in PSII and PSI may enhance the light harvesting of ‘Xingwang’, increasing its light energy conversion efficiency.

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Alterations in Gas Exchange and Oxidative Metabolism in Rice Leaves Infected by Pyricularia oryzae are Attenuated by Silicon

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-10-14-0280-r ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 105 (6) ◽

pp. 738-747 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Gisele Pereira Domiciano ◽

Isaías Severino Cacique ◽

Cecília Chagas Freitas ◽

Marta Cristina Corsi Filippi ◽

Fábio Murilo DaMatta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Pyricularia Oryzae ◽

Gas Exchange Parameters ◽

Photosynthetic Gas Exchange ◽

Exchange Performance ◽

Rice Leaves ◽

Maximum Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Important Disease ◽

Exchange Parameters

Rice blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, is the most important disease in rice worldwide. This study investigated the effects of silicon (Si) on the photosynthetic gas exchange parameters (net CO2 assimilation rate [A], stomatal conductance to water vapor [gs], internal-to-ambient CO2 concentration ratio [Ci/Ca], and transpiration rate [E]); chlorophyll fluorescence a (Chla) parameters (maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II [Fv/Fm], photochemical [qP] and nonphotochemical [NPQ] quenching coefficients, and electron transport rate [ETR]); concentrations of pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), and lypoxigenase (LOX) in rice leaves. Rice plants were grown in a nutrient solution containing 0 or 2 mM Si (−Si or +Si, respectively) with and without P. oryzae inoculation. Blast severity decreased with higher foliar Si concentration. The values of A, gs and E were generally higher for the +Si plants in comparison with the −Si plants upon P. oryzae infection. The Fv/Fm, qp, NPQ, and ETR were greater for the +Si plants relative to the −Si plants at 108 and 132 h after inoculation (hai). The values for qp and ETR were significantly higher for the –Si plants in comparison with the +Si plants at 36 hai, and the NPQ was significantly higher for the –Si plants in comparison with the +Si plants at 0 and 36 hai. The concentrations of Chla, Chlb, Chla+b, and carotenoids were significantly greater in the +Si plants relative to the –Si plants. For the –Si plants, the MDA and H2O2 concentrations were significantly higher than those in the +Si plants. The LOX activity was significantly higher in the +Si plants than in the –Si plants. The SOD and GR activities were significantly higher for the –Si plants than in the +Si plants. The CAT and APX activities were significantly higher in the +Si plants than in the –Si plants. The supply of Si contributed to a decrease in blast severity, improved the gas exchange performance, and caused less dysfunction at the photochemical level.

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Effect of Foliar and Soil Fertilization with New Products Based on Calcinated Bones on Selected Physiological Parameters of Maize Plants

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10072579 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 2579 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Natalia Matlok ◽

Małgorzata Szostek ◽

Piotr Antos ◽

Grażyna Gajdek ◽

Józef Gorzelany ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Physiological Parameters ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Gas Exchange Parameters ◽

Soil Fertilization ◽

Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽

Maize Plants ◽

The Impact ◽

Exchange Parameters

This manuscript presents the effect of foliar and soil fertilizer produced from thermally processed bone waste on the initial growth and development of maize plants. The developed fertilizers were tested in three different doses in a pot experiment. Because nutrient deficiency interferes with plant physiological processes, the impact of the developed fertilizers on gas exchange parameters, relative chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were assessed. Based on the conducted research, it was found that fertilization with developed foliar and soil fertilizers increased the relative content of chlorophyll in maize leaves and increased the value of gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence. All determined parameters of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence showed a positive correlation depending on the dose of foliar fertilization used (average value r = 0.8414). In turn, the soil fertilization that was utilized during the experiment significantly correlated only with the content of chlorophyll (r = 0.6965). The tested fertilizers improvement of the physiological parameters of the plants, which indicates the fertilizing efficiency of the tested fertilizers.

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Assessment of the Physiological Condition of Spring Barley Plants in Conditions of Increased Soil Salinity

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11101928 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1928

Author(s):

Renata Tobiasz-Salach ◽

Barbara Stadnik ◽

Dagmara Migut

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Soil Salinity ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Visual Assessment ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Gas Exchange Parameters ◽

Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽

Sodium And Potassium ◽

Exchange Parameters

Soil salinity is one of the most important environmental factors threatening agriculture on a global level. Plants show differences in resistance to salt stress, both in terms of species and variety. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of salt stress on photosynthetic efficiency and the activity of plants of two barley varietie—KWS Irina and RGT Planet. Plants grown in a pot experiment were subjected to soil treatment with sodium chloride (NaCl) at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 150 mmol∙(dm3)−1. Measurements were made four times at intervals of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after the application of NaCl. The relative chlorophyll content in leaves (CCl) and selected chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, and PI) and gas exchange parameters (PN, E, gs, and Ci) were assessed. In the final stage of the experiment, a visual assessment of the plants’ condition was carried out and the amount of fresh mass (FM) of the above-ground part was determined. The content of sodium and potassium in the vegetative parts of plants was also analysed. Salinity significantly influenced the values of the measured parameters in both of the tested barley genotypes. High salt concentrations in the soil at levels of 100 and 150 mmol NaCl (dm3)−1 negatively affected the growth and development of plants by disturbing the process of photosynthesis and other plant gas exchange parameters. The antagonistic effect of sodium in relation to potassium resulted in a decrease in the K+ content in the plants, along with an increase in the salinity level.

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Effects of chloride and sodium on gas exchange parameters and water relations of Citrus plants

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1034/j.1399-3054.1992.860116.x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 115-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Banuls ◽

E. Primo-Millo

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Relations ◽

Gas Exchange Parameters ◽

Exchange Parameters

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Variability of photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, dark respiration, and stomatal numbers in species of Polygonum

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1034/j.1399-3054.1995.950305.x ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 95 (3) ◽

pp. 365-372

Author(s):

Peter Apel ◽

Martin Peisker

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Dark Respiration ◽

Gas Exchange Parameters ◽

Photosynthetic Gas Exchange ◽

Exchange Parameters

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Influence of Selected Endomycorrhizae from the Sonoran Desert and Glomus intraradices on Growth Response and Gas Exchange of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. cv. Leprechaun

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.501d ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 501d-501

Author(s):

Jonathan N. Egilla ◽

Fred T. Davies

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Sonoran Desert ◽

Growth Response ◽

Glomus Intraradices ◽

Root Colonization ◽

Gas Exchange Parameters ◽

Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis ◽

Low Phosphorus ◽

The Relationship ◽

Exchange Parameters

Six endomycorrhiza isolates from the Sonoran Desert of Mexico [Desert-14(18)1, 15(9)1, 15(15)1, Palo Fierro, Sonoran, and G. geosporum] were evaluated with a pure isolate of Glomus intraradices for their effect on the growth and gas exchange of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. cv. Leprechaun under low phosphorus fertility (11 mg P/L). Rooted cuttings of Hibiscus plants were inoculated with the seven mycorrhiza isolates and grown for 122 days. Gas exchange measurements were made on days 26, 88, and 122 after inoculation, and plants were harvested on day 123 for growth analysis. Plants inoculated with the seven isolates had 70% to 80% root colonization at harvest. Plants inoculated with G. intraradices had significantly higher leaf, shoot and root dry matter (DM), leaf DM/area (P ≤ 0.05) than those inoculated with any of the six isolates, and greater leaf area (LA) than Desert-15(9)1 and 15(15)1. Uninoculated plants had significantly lower leaf, shoot, root DM, leaf DM/area and LA (P ≤ 0.05) than the inoculated plants. There were no differences among the seven isolates in any of the gas exchange parameters measured [photosynthesis (A) stomatal conductance (gs), the ratio of intercellular to external CO2 (ci/ca), A to transpiration (E) ratio (A/E)]. The relationship between inoculated and uninoculated plants in these gas exchange parameters were variable on day 122 after inoculation.

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The Effect of Grapevine Age (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Zinfandel) on Phenology and Gas Exchange Parameters over Consecutive Growing Seasons

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10020311 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 311

Author(s):

Vegas Riffle ◽

Nathaniel Palmer ◽

L. Federico Casassa ◽

Jean Catherine Dodson Peterson

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Water Potential ◽

Leaf Water Potential ◽

Management Practices ◽

Leaf Water ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Gas Exchange Parameters ◽

Growing Season Length ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Exchange Parameters

Unlike most crop industries, there is a strongly held belief within the wine industry that increased vine age correlates with quality. Considering this perception could be explained by vine physiological differences, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of vine age on phenology and gas exchange parameters. An interplanted, dry farmed, Zinfandel vineyard block under consistent management practices in the Central Coast of California was evaluated over two consecutive growing seasons. Treatments included Young vines (5 to 12 years old), Control (representative proportion of young to old vines in the block), and Old vines (40 to 60 years old). Phenology, leaf water potential, and gas exchange parameters were tracked. Results indicated a difference in phenological progression after berry set between Young and Old vines. Young vines progressed more slowly during berry formation and more rapidly during berry ripening, resulting in Young vines being harvested before Old vines due to variation in the timing of sugar accumulation. No differences in leaf water potential were found. Young vines had higher mid-day stomatal conductance and tended to have higher mid-day photosynthetic rates. The results of this study suggest vine age is a factor in phenological timing and growing season length.

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Influence of High Temperature on Photosynthesis, Antioxidative Capacity of Chloroplast, and Carbon Assimilation among Heat-tolerant and Heat-susceptible Genotypes of Nonheading Chinese Cabbage

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci12259-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (11) ◽

pp. 1464-1470 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lingyun Yuan ◽

Yujie Yuan ◽

Shan Liu ◽

Jie Wang ◽

Shidong Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Chinese Cabbage ◽

Photosynthetic Capacity ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Membrane Integrity ◽

Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽

Carbon Assimilation ◽

Light Reaction ◽

Chlorophyll Contents ◽

Heat Tolerant

High temperature (HT) is a major environmental stress limiting oversummer production of nonheading Chinese cabbage (NHCC, Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino). In the present study, the effects of HT on photosynthetic capacity, including light reaction and carbon assimilation, were completely investigated in two NHCC, ‘xd’ (heat-tolerant), and ‘sym’ (heat-susceptible). The two genotypes showed significant differences in plant morphology, photosynthetic capacity, and photosynthate metabolism (carboassimilation). HT caused a decrease in photosynthesis, chlorophyll contents, and photochemical activity in NHCC. However, these main photosynthetic-related parameters, including net photosynthetic rate (PN), maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), and total chlorophyll content in ‘xd’, were significantly higher than those of ‘sym’ plants. The antioxidant contents and antioxidative enzyme activities of ascorbic acid-reduced glutathione cycle in the chloroplast of ‘xd’ were significantly higher than those of ‘sym’. Microscopic analyses revealed that HT affected the structure of photosynthetic apparatus and membrane integrity to a different extent, whereas ‘xd’ could maintain a better integrated chloroplast shape and thylakoid. Inhibited light reaction also hampered carbon assimilation, resulting in a decline of carboxylation efficiency and imbalance of carbohydrate metabolism. However, larger declined extents in these data were presented in ‘sym’ (heat-susceptible) than ‘xd’ (heat-tolerant). The heat-tolerant genotype ‘xd’ had a better capacity for self-protection by improved light reaction and carbon assimilation responding to HT stress.

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