scholarly journals Ability to detect antibodies to beak and feather disease virus in blood on filter paper decreases with duration of storage

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12642
Author(s):  
Berta Blanch-Lázaro ◽  
Raoul F.H. Ribot ◽  
Mathew L. Berg ◽  
Soren Alexandersen ◽  
Andrew T.D. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Virus Load ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Feather Disease Virus ◽  
Over Time

Background Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a circovirus that infects captive and wild psittacine birds, and is of conservation concern. The haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay is used to determine antibody titres against BFDV, and the use of dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper stored at room temperature has been suggested to be an equally valid technique to the use of frozen serum. However, research on other pathogens has found variable results when investigating the longevity of antibodies stored on DBS at room temperature. Consequently, we aimed to test the temporal stability of antibodies to BFDV in DBS samples stored long-term at room temperature. A further goal was to add to the current knowledge of antibody response to naturally acquired BFDV infection in crimson rosellas (Platycercus elegans). Methods Blood was collected from wild P. elegans in Victoria, Australia, that had been live-trapped (n = 9) or necropsied (n = 11). BFDV virus load data were obtained from blood stored in ethanol by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR); antibody titres were obtained by HI assay from either DBS or serum samples, which had been collected concurrently. All HI assays were performed commercially by the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL) in Charles Sturt University, Australia, who were blind to BFDV blood status. Results HI titres from DBS stored at room temperature declined significantly over time (~80 weeks). By contrast, frozen serum samples assayed after 80 weeks in storage all had high HI titres, only varying up to one dilution step from the initial HI titres obtained from DBS at 3–6 weeks after sampling. Weak HI titres from DBS samples all came back negative when the test was repeated only nine weeks later. Novel high HI titres were reported in P. elegans, and while most birds with high antibody titres had corresponding negative qPCR results, a single subadult presented with high HI titres and virus load simultaneously. Conclusion Detection of antibodies on filter paper stored at room temperature decreases over time, increasing the chances of false negatives in these samples, and in repeated testing of samples with weak HI titres. Consequently, serum should be the preferred sample type to use for seroepidemiological studies on BFDV in parrots and other bird species. When not possible, it may help to store DBS on filter paper at −20 °C or lower. However, prompt testing of DBS samples (e.g., <6 weeks in storage) is recommended pending further research on antibody temporal stability. We also show that P. elegans, especially adults, can produce high antibody titres against BFDV, which may help them resist infection.

Comparison of beak and feather disease virus prevalence and immunity-associated genetic diversity over time in an island population of red-crowned parakeets

2015 ◽  
Vol 161 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle J. Knafler ◽  
Luis Ortiz-Catedral ◽  
Bethany Jackson ◽  
Arvind Varsani ◽  
Catherine E. Grueber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Virus Prevalence ◽  
Feather Disease Virus ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Determination of serum antibody titres and immune status of layer flocks against Newcastle Disease virus at Chittagong district of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Kashem ◽  
M Parvej ◽  
MA Hashem ◽  
MM Moula ◽  
ASMG Kibria
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Specific Immunity ◽  
Antibody Titres

A study was conducted to assess the level of serum antibody titres and immune status of layer birds against Newcastle Disease virus by Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test in different areas of Chittagong district during November to December, 2010. Sixteen layer flocks were selected based on different ages of birds. A total of 235 serum samples were collected and tested at Microbiology laboratory of CVASU. HI test was performed using commercial Newcastle Disease vaccine (Avinew®) as a source of 4HAU virus antigen. The antibody titre (GMT) levels in 18-26 weeks age group were found to be 70.198, followed by 47.551, 34.776, 17.281 and 18.855 in 27-40, 41-57, 58-73 and >73 weeks age groups, respectively. Moreover, 100% specific immunity against ND was found in 18-26, 27-40 and 41-57 weeks age groups of birds, whereas 93.33 and 94.73% specific immunity was found in 58-73 and >73 weeks age groups, respectively. On an average, 97.87% layer birds showed specific immunity and 2.13% showed nonspecific immunity against NDV. We considered HI titre of 1:8 or above as specific immunity and less than 1:8 as non specific immunity. Highest HI titre was found at the age of 18-26 weeks and lowest titre was at 58-73 weeks of age. The lower level of HI titre seemed to be directly related to some important factors relating to vaccination which have been highlighted in this paper. Key words: Antibody titers; Immune status; HI test; Newcastle disease virus; Layer birds. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v1i2.8818 International Journal of Natural Sciences (2011), 1(2):35-38

scholarly journals Temporal stability of primate scent samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice C. Poirier ◽  
John S. Waterhouse ◽  
Jacob C. Dunn ◽  
Andrew C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Headspace Gas ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Natural Decay ◽  
Over Time

AbstractA common recommendation in the field of animal chemosignaling is to store and transport scent samples frozen, since they are likely to change with time and degrade due to bacterial activity inside the sample containers and the loss of the most volatile compounds. However, we still ignore the exact pattern of change or degradation for these types of samples. Here we experimentally tested the stability of primate scent samples during analytical procedures. For this purpose, we used swabs of naturally deposited glandular secretions from captive tamarins (Neotropical primates) analyzed by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We successively extracted the samples by solid-phase microextraction, while controlling for the delay between extractions, and compared the number of compounds detected in the samples under each condition. We found that compounds were lost and transformed over time inside the sample vials. Such natural decay of scent signals is likely to contribute to the long term information transmitted. We found no evidence that long delays at room temperature affected sample chemical composition more than short delays. Nonetheless, we showed that repeated extraction of a sample increased the loss of compounds. The changes in sample chemical composition observed over time in this experiment support standard recommendation to avoid storing samples for long periods at room temperature and to extract each sample only once, in order to ensure optimum results.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Canine Herpesvirus-1 in Breeding Dogs with or Without Vaccination in Northwest Italy

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1116
Author(s):  
Ada Rota ◽  
Andrea Dogliero ◽  
Teresa Biosa ◽  
Margherita Messina ◽  
Paola Pregel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Italy ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Canine Herpesvirus ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Common Infection ◽  
Very High

Canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) can cause abortion and foetal and neonatal deaths in the bitch. The reactivation of latent infections with asymptomatic virus shedding represents a mechanism, whereby the virus can persist in a dog population. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of CHV-1 in a population of breeding dogs in Piedmont, Northern Italy, and to investigate the distribution of herpesvirus vaccination. The study was carried out in 370 animals that were housed in 33 breeding kennels. Antibodies against CHV-1 in serum samples were measured by means of serum neutralization. Vaccination had been performed in 21.2% of the kennels and 8.4% of the dogs. The overall seroprevalence of CHV-1 was 50.3%. In ten kennels (30.3%), no seropositive dogs were identified. The percentage of seropositive dogs ranged from 7.1% to 100% in positive kennels. More than 40% of the seropositive dogs showed high titres. Sex had no significant effect on either seroprevalence or the category of the serum titre. The number of positive animals was significantly lower in the groups of prepuberal bitches and animals younger than 1.5 years. The majority of younger animals showed very high titres, suggesting recent contact with the virus. Our data show that CHV-1 is a common infection in breeding dogs in Piedmont. Vaccination is rarely performed but might be an option, because, although many animals of breeding age already show high antibody titres, seronegative pregnant bitches will be at high risk of contracting the infection due to viral circulation in kennels where the virus is enzootic.

scholarly journals The Pathology of Vaccination of Chickens with Varying Doses of Lentogenic LaSota Strain of Newcastle Disease Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-72
Author(s):  
A.O. Igwe ◽  
M.E. Sanda ◽  
U.E.I. Nnsewo ◽  
C.J. Okonkwo ◽  
O. Onyebgula
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Lymphoid Hyperplasia ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Antibody Titres

Recently, it was demonstrated under laboratory conditions that increased doses of LaSota vaccine increased ND antibody response significantly in chickens. In this study, we have used the same model to investigate whether vaccination with increased doses of  lentogenic LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus are associated with pathological changes in chickens. Four-week-old broiler chickens (n=100) were randomly assigned into four groups of 25 each: ZD, each drenched with phosphate-buffered saline, SD, DD and TD broilers were each drenched with single, double and triple dose of LaSota vaccine, respectively. The chickens were observed for clinical signs and lesions. Serum samples were collected from the chickens in all the groups at weekly intervals post inoculation (PV) and assayed for haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies. The vaccinated broilers showed no morbidity and mortality. Only the bursa of all the vaccinated groups appeared slightly reduced in size on day 10 PV. The histopathological changes were lymphoid  hyperplasia and formation of germinal centres in the spleen and caecal tonsils from days 3 to 6 PV and mild depletion of bursal lymphocytes on day 10 PV. Generally, the integrity of the lymphoid organs was intact. Groups DD and TD antibody titres were  significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the SD on day 21 PV. This suggests that increased doses of LaSota vaccine does not cause  pathologic impairment and may be considered in improving the performance of the vaccine in the control of velogenic ND. Key words: Newcastle disease, LaSota vaccine, pathology, broiler chickens

Assay of Factor VIII Antibodies by ELISA Using Plasma Specimens Dried On Filter Paper and Stored at Room Temperature.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 3479-3479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Vincent ◽  
David Lillicrap ◽  
Angie Tuttle ◽  
Angélique Hofer ◽  
Anik Cormier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Recombinant Fviii ◽  
Negative Controls

Abstract Abstract 3479 Poster Board III-416 Introduction ELISA assays have been proposed as a complement to the Bethesda assay for detection and follow-up of factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies in subjects with hemophilia. The Bethesda assay has several drawbacks. Most importantly, the Bethesda assay would not detect non-inhibitory antibodies, even though these could be responsible for low in vivo recovery of FVIII and /or a pharmacokinetic pattern suggestive of rapid clearance of FVIII. ELISA assays for detecting antibodies to FVIII are not routinely performed in most hospital laboratories and as such, specimens need to be transported to specialized laboratories for processing. Transportation of plasma specimens frozen on dry ice, however, is both costly and cumbersome. Room temperature storage of whole blood and serum specimens adsorbed and dried onto filter paper has been shown to be a convenient and reliable alternative to frozen whole blood and serum samples for various analyses. This study was undertaken to assess whether FVIII antibodies from haemophilic plasma would display similar stability when stored adsorbed onto filter paper at room temperature for 1 month or on plasma specimens stored frozen. Stability was assessed by comparing results of ELISA assays. Methods two hundred and thirteen frozen (at -80°C) plasma samples from patients with or without known FVIII inhibitors were tested. Samples came from 97 congenital haemophilic subjects and 5 subjects with acquired haemophilia. The samples were tested with a previously reported ELISA assay (Haemophilia 2009; 15: 374-6) with minor modifications. The coating antigens were two therapeutic preparations of recombinant FVIII: the full length FVIII preparation Helixate® FS, and the B-domain deleted FVIII Xyntha®. Five dilutions of plasma from a subject with congenital severe hemophilia A known to have a high Bethesda titer was put on all plates as positive control. Six normal plasmas were used on all plates as negative controls. Mean and standard deviation of optical densities were calculated for negative controls. Mean was subtracted from optical density of each test plasma. The resulting value was divided by the value of one standard deviation of negative controls to generate the number of standard deviations for test plasmas. All plasmas were assayed in duplicate. The numbers of standard deviations were compared between frozen samples and samples dried on filter papers. Results The correlation between the numbers of standard deviations obtained with frozen specimens and with specimens dried on filter paper was excellent for both therapeutic preparations of recombinant FVIII, going from R= 0.91 to R= 0.99. Conclusion FVIII antibodies tested by ELISA using plasma dried on filter paper for one month at room temperature or plasma stored at -80°C give comparable results. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Hepatitis C Virus RNA in Dried Serum Spotted onto Filter Paper Is Stable at Room Temperature

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 3070-3072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Abe ◽  
Nami Konomi
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Fold Reduction

To overcome the instability of viral RNA, we carried out hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA detection in dried serum spotted onto filter paper. The spotted serum samples were stored at room temperature and then processed for PCR assay at intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. The results showed that serum HCV RNA is stable in a dried condition, as it was detectable in spotted serum samples stored for 4 weeks at room temperature. Furthermore, although the HCV RNA titer showed an ∼10-fold reduction in virus yield in dried serum stored at room temperature for 4 weeks, the PCR results of frozen serum samples and dried serum samples matched completely. This storage method facilitates transport and analysis by nucleic acid amplification techniques even when freezing conditions are not available.

scholarly journals Human antibody response to fragments A and B of diphtheria toxin and a synthetic peptide of amino acid residues 141–157 of fragment A

1990 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Y. Perera ◽  
M. J. Corbel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Synthetic Peptide ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Antibody ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Selection Of

SUMMARYExamination of a selection of serum samples from adults from two regions of England showed that 50 % of men in the 16–24 years and over 55 years age groups had high titres of antibody to diphtheria toxin (DT). In contrast, only 11% of women aged 16 to over 55 years had high titres of antibody to DT. All human antisera with high anti-DT titres reacted with a synthetic peptide (SP) corresponding to the amino acids 141–157 of DT fragment A, with sera from men aged 35 to over 55 years showing the highest titres. High antibody titres to fragment A paralleled those to SP in both sexes. Titres of antibody to DT fragment B were highest in individuals with high titres to DT. In sera from both sexes immunoglobulin G1 was the predominant subclass reactive with all three antigens. However, both IgG1 and IgG4 and to a lesser extent IgG2 and IgG3 were present in immunoglobulin concentrates.

SEM Observations on the Germination of Euonymous Americanus

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 508-509
Author(s):  
D.R. Hill ◽  
J.R. McCurry ◽  
L.P. Elliott ◽  
G. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Environmental Chamber ◽  
Dormant Stage ◽  
Scanning Electron

Germination of Euonymous americanus in the laboratory has previously been unsuccessful. Ability to germinate Euonymous americanus. commonly known as the american strawberry bush, is important in that it represents a valuable food source for the white-tailed deer. Utilizing the knowledge that its seeds spend a period of time in the rumin fluid of deer during their dormant stage, we were successful in initiating germination. After a three month drying period, the seeds were placed in 25 ml of buffered rumin fluid, pH 8 at 40°C for 48 hrs anaerobically. They were then allowed to dry at room temperature for 24 hrs, placed on moistened filter paper and enclosed within an environmental chamber. Approximately four weeks later germination was detected and verified by scanning electron microscopy; light microscopy provided inadequate resolution. An important point to note in this procedure is that scarification, which was thought to be vital for germination, proved to be unnecessary for successful germination to occur. It is believed that germination was propagated by the secretion of enzymes or prescence of acids produced by microorganisms found in the rumin fluid since sterilized rumin failed to bring about germination.

Circovirus-Infektionen bei Ziervögeln und Tauben: eine Übersicht

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (04) ◽  
pp. 251-256
Author(s):  
R. Raue ◽  
R. Johne ◽  
Maria-Elisabeth Krautwald-Junghanns ◽  
H. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Chicken Anaemia Virus ◽  
Feather Disease Virus

Zusammenfassung:Bei Vögeln sind Circovirus-Infektionen seit langem bekannt. Neben dem Virus der infektiösen Anämie der Küken (chicken anaemia virus, CAV) ist hier vor allem das Virus der Schnabel- und Federkrankheit der Papageien (psittacine beak and feather disease virus, PBFDV) zu nennen. Die meisten Spezies der Ordnung Psittaciformes sowie einige andere Arten sind für das PBFDV empfänglich. Die Erkrankung manifestiert sich nicht nur bei den Nestlingen der Papageien, sondern auch bei adulten Vögeln. Bei diesen kommt es zu irreversiblen Schäden im Federkleid, bis hin zur vollständigen Federlosigkeit. Zudem erfahren infizierte Tiere eine starke Immunsuppression, die sie sehr anfällig für Sekundärinfektionen macht. Neben dem PBFDV wurden kürzlich weitere Circoviren beschrieben, die bei Tauben oder Kanarienvögeln vorkommen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll eine Übersicht über die Circovirus-Infektionen bei Ziervögeln und Tauben gegeben werden. Neben der klinischen Symptomatik sind die zur Zeit gebräuchlichen diagnostischen Nachweisverfahren und die Möglichkeiten zur Prophylaxe weitere Schwerpunkte.

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