scholarly journals Deciphering the preservation of fossil insects: a case study from the Crato Member, Early Cretaceous of Brazil

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Ladeira Osés ◽  
Setembrino Petri ◽  
Bruno Becker-Kerber ◽  
Guilherme Raffaeli Romero ◽  
Marcia de Almeida Rizzutto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Fossil Insects ◽  
Exceptional Preservation ◽  
Zn And Cu In ◽  
Crato Member

Exceptionally well-preserved three-dimensional insects with fine details and even labile tissues are ubiquitous in the Crato Member Konservat Lagerstätte (northeastern Brazil). Here we investigate the preservational pathways which yielded such specimens. We employed high resolution techniques (EDXRF, SR-SXS, SEM, EDS, micro Raman, and PIXE) to understand their fossilisation on mineralogical and geochemical grounds. Pseudomorphs of framboidal pyrite, the dominant fossil microfabric, display size variation when comparing cuticle with inner areas or soft tissues, which we interpret as the result of the balance between ion diffusion rates and nucleation rates of pyrite through the originally decaying carcasses. Furthermore, the mineral fabrics are associated with structures that can be the remains of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Geochemical data also point to a concentration of Fe, Zn, and Cu in the fossils in comparison to the embedding rock. Therefore, we consider that biofilms of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) had a central role in insect decay and mineralisation. Therefore, we shed light on exceptional preservation of fossils by pyritisation in a Cretaceous limestone lacustrine palaeoenvironment.

scholarly journals The tapejarid pterosaur Tupandactylus imperator from Crato Formation and the preservation of cranial integuments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hebert Bruno Nascimento Campos ◽  
Edio-Ernst Kischlat
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Unusual Pattern ◽  
Exceptional Preservation ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe group Tapejaridae forms a clade of toothless pterosaurs easily recognized by their premaxillary sagittal crests and particularly large nasoantorbital fenestrae. The tapejarids represent the most representative group of pterosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of the Araripe Basin (Northeastern Brazil). The holotype of the large tapejarid Tupandactylus imperator Campos and Kellner, 1997 is known by two main slabs from the New Olinda Member of the Crato Formation, however, only one of the slabs containing the sagittally bipartite skull is referred to the holotype of Tupandactylus imperator, remain the counter-slab be properly described. The cotype is fragmented in several broken pieces and presents a significative number of cranial elements. A medial internasal septum completely preserved inside the nasoantorbital fenestra is reported for the first time for pterosaurs. The exceptional preservation of a collagenous septum and other integumentary structures visible in the cotype specimen is extremely rare and supports the concept of the unusual pattern of soft tissue observed in the fossils from the Crato Konservat-Lagerstätte, specially pterosaurs. Herein is presented the description of the cotype of Tupandactylus imperator, in complementation to the previously designated slab of the holotype of this tapejarid species. The occurrence of casques in pterosaurs is supported by comparative anatomy with the bird galliform Pauxi (Cracidae). Besides that, it is discussed on the skull with extravagant cranial crests of Tupandactylus imperator and the significance of the associated soft tissues and other cranial integuments, which indicates an expressive morphological and taxonomic diversity among the tapejarid pterosaurs.

scholarly journals A unique exceptionally well-preserved pterosaur skull from the Crato Formation of Brazil

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hebert Bruno Nascimento Campos ◽  
Aude Cincotta ◽  
Eberhard Frey ◽  
Pascoal Godefroit ◽  
Johan Yans
Keyword(s):  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Exceptional Preservation ◽  
New Information ◽  
Specific Morphology ◽  
Parallel Fibres ◽  
Sagittal Crest

The posterior part of a skull from a tapejarid pterosaur was studied for the exceptional preservation of its soft-tissues. The specimen comes from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil. It shows a peculiar soft sagittal crest that gives new information about the anatomy and the diversity of tapejarids. The specimen lies on five limestone slabs. The bony part comprised the posterior part of the skull, with the braincase and one complex of three dorsally oriented and associated bony crests. The crest consists of a huge and elongated parietal crest, a trabecular frontal crest, and an occipital spine. The specimen preserves the posterior parts of the nasoantorbital fenestra and orbit. The soft cranial crest is characterized by a multilinear dorsal crest with almost parallel fibres, which curve posteriorly. Pigment organelles – melanosomes – were observed in the crest as well as ‘hair-like’ fibres (pycnofibres). They present diverse shapes and sizes, suggesting diverse colorations for the soft tissues. The new tapejarid shares certain features with the tapejarids Tupandactylus imperator and “Huaxiapterus” benxiensis, which include an elongated parieto-occipital crest. Nonetheless, it differs from Tupandactylus imperator and Ingridia navigans by the following characteristics: absence of a suprapremaxillary spine, very dorsally oriented posterior crests, as well as a specific morphology for the soft crest. Our specimen can therefore be assigned to a new taxon of Tapejaridae, a group previously reported from the Crato Formation.

scholarly journals A unique exceptionally well-preserved pterosaur skull from the Crato Formation of Brazil

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hebert Bruno Nascimento Campos ◽  
Aude Cincotta ◽  
Eberhard Frey ◽  
Pascoal Godefroit ◽  
Johan Yans
Keyword(s):  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Exceptional Preservation ◽  
New Information ◽  
Specific Morphology ◽  
Parallel Fibres ◽  
Sagittal Crest

The posterior part of a skull from a tapejarid pterosaur was studied for the exceptional preservation of its soft-tissues. The specimen comes from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil. It shows a peculiar soft sagittal crest that gives new information about the anatomy and the diversity of tapejarids. The specimen lies on five limestone slabs. The bony part comprised the posterior part of the skull, with the braincase and one complex of three dorsally oriented and associated bony crests. The crest consists of a huge and elongated parietal crest, a trabecular frontal crest, and an occipital spine. The specimen preserves the posterior parts of the nasoantorbital fenestra and orbit. The soft cranial crest is characterized by a multilinear dorsal crest with almost parallel fibres, which curve posteriorly. Pigment organelles – melanosomes – were observed in the crest as well as ‘hair-like’ fibres (pycnofibres). They present diverse shapes and sizes, suggesting diverse colorations for the soft tissues. The new tapejarid shares certain features with the tapejarids Tupandactylus imperator and “Huaxiapterus” benxiensis, which include an elongated parieto-occipital crest. Nonetheless, it differs from Tupandactylus imperator and Ingridia navigans by the following characteristics: absence of a suprapremaxillary spine, very dorsally oriented posterior crests, as well as a specific morphology for the soft crest. Our specimen can therefore be assigned to a new taxon of Tapejaridae, a group previously reported from the Crato Formation.

Adult Acquired Flatfoot

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Mataczyński ◽  
Mateusz Pelc ◽  
Halina Romualda Zięba ◽  
Zuzana Hudakova
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Clinical Image ◽  
Tibialis Posterior ◽  
Dynamic Force ◽  
Posterior Tibial ◽  
Flat Feet ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Motion Range

Acquired adult flatfoot is a three-dimensional deformation, which consists of hindfoot valgus, collapse of the longitudinal arch of the foot and adduction of the forefoot. The aim of the work is to present problems related to etiology, biomechanics, clinical diagnostics and treatment principles of acquired flatfoot. The most common cause in adults is the dysfunction of the tibialis posterior muscle, leading to the lack of blocking of the transverse tarsal joint during heel elevation. Loading the unblocked joints consequently leads to ligament failure. The clinical image is dominated by pain in the foot and tibiotarsal joint. The physical examination of the flat feet consists of: inspection, palpation, motion range assessment and dynamic force assessment. The comparable attention should be paid to the height of the foot arch, the occurrence of “too many toes” sign, evaluate the heel- rise test and correction of the flatfoot, exclude Achilles tendon contracture. The diagnosis also uses imaging tests. In elastic deformations with symptoms of posterior tibial tendonitis, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, short-term immobilization, orthotics stabilizing the medial arch of the foot are used. In rehabilitation, active exercises of the shin muscles and the feet, especially the eccentric exercises of the posterior tibial muscle, are intentional. The physiotherapy and balneotherapy treatments, in particular hydrotherapy, electrotherapy and laser therapy, are used as a support. In advanced lesions, surgical treatment may be necessary, including plastic surgery of soft tissues, tendons, as well as osteotomy procedures.

3D Culture Modelling: An Emerging Approach for Translational Cancer Research in Sarcomas

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (29) ◽  
pp. 4778-4788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Heredia-Soto ◽  
Andrés Redondo ◽  
José Juan Pozo Kreilinger ◽  
Virginia Martínez-Marín ◽  
Alberto Berjón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Culture ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Tumour Spheroids ◽  
Current Therapies

Sarcomas are tumours of mesenchymal origin, which can arise in bone or soft tissues. They are rare but frequently quite aggressive and with a poor outcome. New approaches are needed to characterise these tumours and their resistance mechanisms to current therapies, responsible for tumour recurrence and treatment failure. This review is focused on the potential of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models, including multicellular tumour spheroids (MCTS) and organoids, and the latest data about their utility for the study on important properties for tumour development. The use of spheroids as a particularly valuable alternative for compound high throughput screening (HTS) in different areas of cancer biology is also discussed, which enables the identification of new therapeutic opportunities in commonly resistant tumours.

scholarly journals A computational framework for modeling cell–matrix interactions in soft biological tissues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas F. Eichinger ◽  
Maximilian J. Grill ◽  
Iman Davoodi Kermani ◽  
Roland C. Aydin ◽  
Wolfgang A. Wall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Computational Framework ◽  
Cell Matrix ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Matrix Interactions ◽  
Mechanical Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Matrix Interactions ◽  
Short Time

AbstractLiving soft tissues appear to promote the development and maintenance of a preferred mechanical state within a defined tolerance around a so-called set point. This phenomenon is often referred to as mechanical homeostasis. In contradiction to the prominent role of mechanical homeostasis in various (patho)physiological processes, its underlying micromechanical mechanisms acting on the level of individual cells and fibers remain poorly understood, especially how these mechanisms on the microscale lead to what we macroscopically call mechanical homeostasis. Here, we present a novel computational framework based on the finite element method that is constructed bottom up, that is, it models key mechanobiological mechanisms such as actin cytoskeleton contraction and molecular clutch behavior of individual cells interacting with a reconstructed three-dimensional extracellular fiber matrix. The framework reproduces many experimental observations regarding mechanical homeostasis on short time scales (hours), in which the deposition and degradation of extracellular matrix can largely be neglected. This model can serve as a systematic tool for future in silico studies of the origin of the numerous still unexplained experimental observations about mechanical homeostasis.

scholarly journals The Symmetric 3D Organization of Connective Tissue around Implant Abutment: A Key-Issue to Prevent Bone Resorption

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1126
Author(s):  
Giovanna Iezzi ◽  
Francesca Di Lillo ◽  
Michele Furlani ◽  
Marco Degidi ◽  
Adriano Piattelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Inflammatory Cell ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Inflammatory Cell Infiltration ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Oral Epithelium ◽  
Implant Abutment

Symmetric and well-organized connective tissues around the longitudinal implant axis were hypothesized to decrease early bone resorption by reducing inflammatory cell infiltration. Previous studies that referred to the connective tissue around implant and abutments were based on two-dimensional investigations; however, only advanced three-dimensional characterizations could evidence the organization of connective tissue microarchitecture in the attempt of finding new strategies to reduce inflammatory cell infiltration. We retrieved three implants with a cone morse implant–abutment connection from patients; they were investigated by high-resolution X-ray phase-contrast microtomography, cross-linking the obtained information with histologic results. We observed transverse and longitudinal orientated collagen bundles intertwining with each other. In the longitudinal planes, it was observed that the closer the fiber bundles were to the implant, the more symmetric and regular their course was. The transverse bundles of collagen fibers were observed as semicircular, intersecting in the lamina propria of the mucosa and ending in the oral epithelium. No collagen fibers were found radial to the implant surface. This intertwining three-dimensional pattern seems to favor the stabilization of the soft tissues around the implants, preventing inflammatory cell apical migration and, consequently, preventing bone resorption and implant failure. This fact, according to the authors’ best knowledge, has never been reported in the literature and might be due to the physical forces acting on fibroblasts and on the collagen produced by the fibroblasts themselves, in areas close to the implant and to the symmetric geometry of the implant itself.

scholarly journals Accuracy and Reliability of Soft Tissue Landmarks Using Three-Dimensional Imaging in Comparison With Two-Dimensional Cephalometrics: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Author(s):  
Adeeba Ali ◽  
Anil K. Chandna ◽  
Anshul Munjal
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Database Search ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Imaging Tool ◽  
Electronic Database Search

Background: Concerns about the accuracy and reliability of soft tissue landmarks using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Objective: The aim of the systematic review is to estimate accuracy and reliability of soft tissue landmarks with 2D imaging and 3D imaging for orthodontic diagnosis planning and treatment planning purposes. Data Sources: Electronic database search was performed in MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase via embase.com, and the Cochrane library website. Selection Criteria: The data were extracted according to two protocols based on Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) critical appraisal tools. Next, levels of evidence were categorized into three groups: low, medium, and high. Data Synthesis: Fifty-five publications were found through database search strategies. A total of nine publications were included in this review. Conclusion According to the available literature, 3D imaging modalities were more accurate and reliable as compared to 2D modalities. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was considered the most reliable imaging tool for soft tissues.

scholarly journals Polymeric Bioinks for 3D Hepatic Printing

Chemistry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-181
Author(s):  
Joyita Sarkar ◽  
Swapnil C. Kamble ◽  
Nilambari C. Kashikar
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Complex Geometries ◽  
Printing Techniques ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

Three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques have revolutionized the field of tissue engineering. This is especially favorable to construct intricate tissues such as liver, as 3D printing allows for the precise delivery of biomaterials, cells and bioactive molecules in complex geometries. Bioinks made of polymers, of both natural and synthetic origin, have been very beneficial to printing soft tissues such as liver. Using polymeric bioinks, 3D hepatic structures are printed with or without cells and biomolecules, and have been used for different tissue engineering applications. In this review, with the introduction to basic 3D printing techniques, we discuss different natural and synthetic polymers including decellularized matrices that have been employed for the 3D bioprinting of hepatic structures. Finally, we focus on recent advances in polymeric bioinks for 3D hepatic printing and their applications. The studies indicate that much work has been devoted to improvising the design, stability and longevity of the printed structures. Others focus on the printing of tissue engineered hepatic structures for applications in drug screening, regenerative medicine and disease models. More attention must now be diverted to developing personalized structures and stem cell differentiation to hepatic lineage.

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