Effect of seasonality on chemical profile and antifungal activity of essential oil isolated from leaves Psidium salutare (Kunth) O. Berg

Medicinal plants play a crucial role in the search for components that are capable of neutralizing the multiple mechanisms of fungal resistance. Psidium salutare (Kunth) O. Berg is a plant native to Brazil used as both food and traditional medicine to treat diseases and symptoms such as stomach ache and diarrhea, whose symptoms could be related to fungal infections from the genus Candida. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of seasonal variability on the chemical composition of the Psidium salutare essential oil, its antifungal potential and its effect on the Candida albicans morphogenesis. The essential oils were collected in three different seasonal collection periods and isolated by the hydrodistillation process in a modified Clevenger apparatus with identification of the chemical composition determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antifungal assays were performed against Candida strains through the broth microdilution method to determine the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Fungal growth was assessed by optical density reading and the Candida albicans dimorphic effect was evaluated by optical microscopy in microculture chambers. The chemical profile of the essential oils identified 40 substances in the different collection periods with γ-terpinene being the predominant constituent. The antifungal activity revealed an action against the C. albicans, C. krusei and C. tropicalis strains with an IC50 ranging from 345.5 to 2,754.2 µg/mL and a MFC higher than 1,024 µg/mL. When combined with essential oils at sub-inhibitory concentrations (MIC/16), fluconazole had its potentiated effect, i.e. a synergistic effect was observed in the combination of fluconazole with P.salutare oil against all Candida strains; however, for C. albicans, its effect was reinforced by the natural product in all the collection periods. The results show that the Psidium salutare oil affected the dimorphic transition capacity, significantly reducing the formation of hyphae and pseudohyphae in increasing concentrations. The results show that P. salutare oil exhibits a significant antifungal activity against three Candida species and that it can act in synergy with fluconazole. These results support the notion that this plant may have a potential use in pharmaceutical and preservative products.

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Antifungal Activity of Rosmarinus Officinalis Essential Oil and Nystatin on Store Isolate of Candida species from HIV/AIDS Patients with Oral Candidiasis

Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin ◽

10.20473/bikk.v32.3.2020.167-173 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Bernadya Yogatri Anjuwita ◽

Iskandar Zulkarnain ◽

Muhammad Yulianto Listiawan ◽

Evy Ervianti ◽

Rahmadewi Rahmadewi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Candida Species ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽

Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽

Microdilution Method ◽

Rosemary Essential Oil

Background: Oral candidiasis is caused by the mycotic activity of Candida albicans present in the oral cavity, and it is one of the most common opportunistic infections found in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The growing resistance and side effects to common antifungal drugs have promoted herbal essential oils as antifungal agents in recent years. In this study, essential oils (EO) of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) were examined for in vitro antifungal activity against Candida species. Purpose: To evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) and nystatin using the microdilution technique by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of Candida spesies. Methods: This was an experimental laboratory study with a post-test-only design conducted in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Teaching Hospital, Surabaya. Forty isolates consisted of twenty isolates of Candida albicans and twenty isolates of Candida non-albicans were collected. The isolates were tested for antifungal activity using the microdilution on 96-well plates. Result: There was a significant difference from the results of the MIC concentration of rosemary essential 100% to 6.25% microdilution method between nystatin and rosemary essential oil (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The antifungal activity of rosemary essential oil was better than nystatin that the lowest MIC value, which was 6.25%, has been obtained the microdilution method. The minimum fungicidal concentration of rosemary essential oil was 25%, while the minimum fungicidal concentration nystatin was higher than 100%.

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Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata

Open Chemistry ◽

10.1515/chem-2020-0011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 108-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tomasz Baj ◽

Anna Biernasiuk ◽

Rafał Wróbel ◽

Anna Malm

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Origanum Vulgare ◽

Satureja Hortensis ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Thymus Serpyllum

AbstractThe purpose of this research was to investigate the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from: Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Poland, and to study their antifungal activity towards clinical isolates of oral Candida spp. The hydrodistilled essential oils were analyzed using the GC-MS method. The antifungal activity was evaluated in vitro against oral isolates and reference strains of Candida albicans and C. glabrata, using the broth microdilution method according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, allowing for estimation of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). GC-MS analysis revealed that carvacrol was the main EO compound in oregano and summer savory, while thymol and linalool were the major ingredients of thyme and wild thyme oils, respectively. The EOs possessed fungicidal activity against C. albicans and C. glabrata, including oral isolates, with MIC = 125 – 2000 mg/L, MFC = 250 – 4000 mg/L and MFC/MIC = 1 – 4, depending on the yeast and plant species. The most active was thyme oil – with MIC = 125 – 500 mg/L, MFC = 250 – 500 mg/L and MFC/MIC = 1 – 2.

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Nanoencapsulated Essential Oils with Enhanced Antifungal Activity for Potential Application on Agri-Food, Material and Environmental Fields

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10010031 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

Magdaléna Kapustová ◽

Giuseppe Granata ◽

Edoardo Napoli ◽

Andrea Puškárová ◽

Mária Bučková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Winning Strategy ◽

Colloidal Suspensions ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Natural Environments ◽

Food Material ◽

Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽

Fungal Strains

Nanotechnology is a new frontier of this century that finds applications in various fields of science with important effects on our life and on the environment. Nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds is a promising topic of nanotechnology. The excessive use of synthetic compounds with antifungal activity has led to the selection of resistant fungal species. In this context, the use of plant essential oils (EOs) with antifungal activity encapsulated in ecofriendly nanosystems could be a new and winning strategy to overcome the problem. We prepared nanoencapsules containing the essential oils of Origanum vulgare (OV) and Thymus capitatus (TC) by the nanoprecipitation method. The colloidal suspensions were characterized for size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, efficiency of encapsulation (EE) and loading capacity (LC). Finally, the essential oil nanosuspensions were assayed against a panel of fourteen fungal strains belonging to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla. Our results show that the nanosystems containing thyme and oregano essential oils were active against various fungal strains from natural environments and materials. In particular, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values were two to four times lower than the pure essential oils. The aqueous, ecofriendly essential oil nanosuspensions with broad-spectrum antifungal activity could be a valid alternative to synthetic products, finding interesting applications in the agri-food and environmental fields.

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Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils from four Asteraceae plants grown in Egypt

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2017-0219 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 73 (7-8) ◽

pp. 313-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rose Vanessa Bandeira Reidel ◽

Simona Nardoni ◽

Francesca Mancianti ◽

Claudia Anedda ◽

Abd El-Nasser G. El Gendy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

First Time

Abstract The objective of the present paper was the assessment of the chemical composition of the essential oils from four Asteraceae species with a considerable food, medicinal, and agricultural value, collected in Egypt, together with their in vitro inhibitory activity against molds and yeasts. The essential oil of Launaea cornuta flowers was also evaluated for the first time, but because of its very low yield (<0.01%), no antifungal test was performed.

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Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oils of Schinus weinmannifolius Collected in the Spring and Winter

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1400900940 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1934578X1400900

Author(s):

Camila Hernandes ◽

Silvia H. Taleb-Contini ◽

Ana Carolina D. Bartolomeu ◽

Bianca W. Bertoni ◽

Suzelei C. França ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Antimicrobial Action ◽

Pharmacological Profile

Reports on the chemical and pharmacological profile of the essential oil of Schinus weinmannifolius do not exist, although other Schinus species have been widely investigated for their biological activities. This work aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of S. weinmannifolius collected in the spring and winter. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC/MS and submitted to microdilution tests, to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. The oils displayed different chemical composition and antimicrobial action. Bicyclogermacrene and limonene predominated in the oils extracted in the winter and spring, respectively, whereas only the latter oil exhibited antifungal activity.

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Effect of the Chemical Composition of Free-Terpene Hydrocarbons Essential Oils on Antifungal Activity

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24193532 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (19) ◽

pp. 3532

Author(s):

Ben Salha ◽

Herrera Díaz ◽

Lengliz ◽

Abderrabba ◽

Labidi

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Pharmaceutical Products ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Reduced Pressure ◽

Oxygenated Compounds ◽

Food Spoilage Fungi

In this study, Carum carvi L. essential oil (CEO) and Origanum majorana L. essential oil (MEO) was steam-distillated under reduced pressure. We henceforth obtained three fractions for each essential oil: CF1, CF2, CF3, MF1, MF2, and MF3. Then, these fractions were characterized using the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The results indicated that some fractions were rich in oxygenated compounds (i.e., CF2, CF3, MF2, and MF3) with concentrations ranging from 79.21% to 98.56%. Therefore, the influence of the chemical composition of the essential oils on their antifungal activity was studied. For this purpose, three food spoilage fungi were isolated, identified, and inoculated in vitro, in order to measure the antifungal activity of CEO, MEO, and their fractions. The results showed that stronger fungi growth inhibitions (FGI) (above 95%) were found in fractions with higher percentages of oxygenated compounds, especially with (−)-carvone and terpin-4-ol as the major components. Firstly, this work reveals that the free-terpenes hydrocarbons fractions obtained from MEO present higher antifungal activity than the raw essential oil against two families of fungi. Then, it suggests that the isolation of (−)-carvone (97.15 ± 5.97%) from CEO via vacuum distillation can be employed successfully to improve antifungal activity by killing fungi (FGI = 100%). This study highlights that separation under reduced pressure is a simple green method to obtain fractions or to isolate compounds with higher biological activity useful for pharmaceutical products or natural additives in formulations.

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Antifungal activity of the clove essential oil from Syzygium aromaticum on Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte species

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/jmm.0.010538-0 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 58 (11) ◽

pp. 1454-1462 ◽

Cited By ~ 226

Author(s):

Eugénia Pinto ◽

Luís Vale-Silva ◽

Carlos Cavaleiro ◽

Lígia Salgueiro

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Cell Membrane ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

Clove Oil ◽

Fungal Cell ◽

Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽

Clove Essential Oil

The composition and antifungal activity of clove essential oil (EO), obtained from Syzygium aromaticum, were studied. Clove oil was obtained commercially and analysed by GC and GC-MS. The EO analysed showed a high content of eugenol (85.3 %). MICs, determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols, and minimum fungicidal concentration were used to evaluate the antifungal activity of the clove oil and its main component, eugenol, against Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte clinical and American Type Culture Collection strains. The EO and eugenol showed inhibitory activity against all the tested strains. To clarify its mechanism of action on yeasts and filamentous fungi, flow cytometric and inhibition of ergosterol synthesis studies were performed. Propidium iodide rapidly penetrated the majority of the yeast cells when the cells were treated with concentrations just over the MICs, meaning that the fungicidal effect resulted from an extensive lesion of the cell membrane. Clove oil and eugenol also caused a considerable reduction in the quantity of ergosterol, a specific fungal cell membrane component. Germ tube formation by Candida albicans was completely or almost completely inhibited by oil and eugenol concentrations below the MIC values. The present study indicates that clove oil and eugenol have considerable antifungal activity against clinically relevant fungi, including fluconazole-resistant strains, deserving further investigation for clinical application in the treatment of fungal infections.

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Mycotoxins Content of Smoked Fishes Sampled on Market Stalls of Ngaoundere and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum basilicum against Mycotoxin Producing Strains

European Journal of Medicinal Plants ◽

10.9734/ejmp/2020/v31i1330310 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 36-47

Author(s):

Nadege D. Nganou ◽

Eliane S. Tchinda ◽

Alphonse T. Sokamte ◽

Franklin K. Ngoualem ◽

Steve F. Nodem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Ocimum Basilicum ◽

Penicillium Citrinum ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Smoked Fish ◽

Study Laboratory

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the sanitary quality of smoked fish by determining their mycotoxin content, and also the chemical composition, antifungal activity of Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum basilicum essential oils from Cameroon against some mycotoxigenic fungal strains responsible of the smoked fish biodegradation. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon, from August 2019 to April 2020. Methodology: Fifteen samples of smoked fishes have been collected in August 2019 from “petit marché” market (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). Physico-chemical parameters of smoked fishes were evaluated. Mycotoxin (AFB1, CIT, and OTA) contents have been determined with HPLC. Isolation and identification of molds were done using their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, and the identity of the strains was done by PCR sequencing methods. For plants, 15 kg of Cymbopogon citratus leaves and 5 kg of Ocimum basilicum leaves have been harvested on 10 September 2019 in Ngaoundere and used for the essential oil’s extraction. Essential oil extraction has been done through hydrodistillation and the determination of its chemical composition done with GC/MS. Results: Major part of samples contains at least one mycotoxin, in quantities which are beyond the safe dose. Eleven species of molds have been identified: Aspergillus spp., Penicillium citrinum, and Mucor hiemalis. Amongst the isolated species, those which can produce mycotoxins are: Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium moniliforme. Geranial (42.4%), Neral (33.5%) and Myrcene (10.8%) are major compounds found in the essential oil of C. citratus while monoterpens (60.8%), Eugenol (30.7%), Linalol (29.4%) and 1,8-Cineol (14.3%) are the major compounds found in the essential oil of O. basilicum. Conclusion: Essential oils of C. citratus and O. basilicum are efficient against isolated toxigenic species. C. citratus being more efficient than O. basilicum.

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The Effects of Tormentic Acid and Extracts from Callistemon citrinus on Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis Growth and Inhibition of Ergosterol Biosynthesis in Candida albicans

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2021/8856147 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Chido Bvumbi ◽

Godloves Fru Chi ◽

Marc Y. Stevens ◽

Molly Mombeshora ◽

Stanley Mukanganyama

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Candida Tropicalis ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Water Extract ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Ergosterol Content ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Tormentic Acid

Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis are the leading causes of human fungal infections worldwide. There is an increase in resistance of Candida pathogens to existing antifungal drugs leading to a need to find new sources of antifungal agents. Tormentic acid has been isolated from different plants including Callistemon citrinus and has been found to possess antimicrobial properties, including antifungal activity. The study aimed to determine the effects of tormentic and extracts from C. citrinus on C. albicans and C. tropicalis and a possible mode of action. The extracts and tormentic acid were screened for antifungal activity using the broth microdilution method. The growth of both species was inhibited by the extracts, and C. albicans was more susceptible to the extract compared to C. tropicalis. The growth of C. albicans was inhibited by 80% at 100 μg/ml of both the DCM: methanol extract and the ethanol: water extract. Tormentic acid reduced the growth of C. albicans by 72% at 100 μg/ml. The effects of the extracts and tormentic acid on ergosterol content in C. albicans were determined using a UV/Vis scanning spectrophotometer. At concentrations of tormentic acid of 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, and 200 μg/ml, the content of ergosterol was decreased by 22%, 36%, 48%, and 78%, respectively. Similarly, the DCM: methanol extract at 100 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml decreased the content by 78% and 88%, respectively. A dose-dependent decrease in ergosterol content was observed in cells exposed to miconazole with a 25 μg/ml concentration causing a 100% decrease in ergosterol content. Therefore, tormentic acid inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol in C. albicans. Modifications of the structure of tormentic acid to increase its antifungal potency may be explored in further studies.

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Chemical Composition, Herbicidal and Antifungal Activity of Satureja cuneifolia Essential Oils from Spain

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1601100636 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1934578X1601100 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David Garcia-Rellán ◽

Mercedes Verdeguer ◽

Adele Salamone ◽

Maria Amparo Blázquez ◽

Herminio Boira

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Conyza Canadensis ◽

Amaranthus Hybridus ◽

Verticillium Dahlia ◽

Total Oil

The chemical composition of essential oils from Satureja cuneifolia growing in east Spain was analyzed by GC, GC/MS. Forty-five compounds accounting for 99.1% of the total oil were identified. Camphor (47.6%), followed by camphene (13.6%) were the main compounds. Their herbicidal and antifungal activity was tested in vitro against three weeds (Amaranthus hybridus, Portulaca oleracea and Conyza canadensis) and eleven common pathogenic or saprophytic fungi (Phytophthora citrophthora, P. palmivora, Pythium litorale, Verticillium dahlia, Rhizoctonia solani, Penicillium hirsutum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, Phaemoniella chlamydospora, Cylindrocarpon liriodendri and C. macrodidymum). The essential oil was very active against A. hybridus and C. canadensis significantly inhibiting their germination and seedling growth. Minor activity was shown against P. oleracea, depending on the concentration applied. P. palmivora, P. citrophthora and Pa. chlamydospora were the most sensitive fungi to the treatment with the essential oil, whereas R. solani showed no inhibition. Results showed that S. cuneifolia essential oil could be used for biocontrol of weeds and fungal plant diseases.

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