scholarly journals Different neurocognitive patterns of conflict control in Tibetans living above and below 4,000 m

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailin Ma ◽  
Buxin Han ◽  
Yan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Difference Wave ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Neurocognitive Profile

Background The existence of a particular threshold of hypoxia severity, beyond which neuropsychological functioning is compromised, is unclear. We investigated the neurocognitive profile related to conflict control in healthy young Tibetans born and living at three different altitudes (2,700 m, 3,700 m, and 4,500 m) in Tibet to investigate the existence of this threshold. Methods Using event-related potentials (ERPs), the conflict control functions of individuals in the three altitude groups were investigated by means of a flanker task, using congruent and incongruent stimuli. The data were analyzed using mixed-model analyses of variance. Results Although effect of altitude was not significant at a behavioral level (p > 0.05), the ERPs showed cognitive conflict modulation. The N2 difference wave (for incongruent minus congruent conditions) was smaller in the 4,500-m group than in the groups living below 4,000 m (p < 0.05). The study’s findings suggest that the influence of high altitude in the conflict monitoring stage becomes significant above 4,000 m. Thus, the altitude threshold for impairment of cognition may be 4,000 m.

scholarly journals Conflict monitoring and adaptation as reflected by N2 amplitude in obsessive–compulsive disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1379-1388 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Riesel ◽  
J. Klawohn ◽  
N. Kathmann ◽  
T. Endrass
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Conflict Adaptation ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Conflict Processing ◽  
Related Potentials

BackgroundFeelings of doubt and perseverative behaviours are key symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and have been linked to hyperactive error and conflict signals in the brain. While enhanced neural correlates of error monitoring have been robustly shown, far less is known about conflict processing and adaptation in OCD.MethodWe examined event-related potentials during conflict processing in 70 patients with OCD and 70 matched healthy comparison participants, focusing on the stimulus-locked N2 elicited in a flanker task. Conflict adaptation was evaluated by analysing sequential adjustments in N2 and behaviour, i.e. current conflict effects as a function of preceding conflict.ResultsPatients with OCD showed enhanced N2 amplitudes compared with healthy controls. Further, patients showed stronger conflict adaptation effects on reaction times and N2 amplitude. Thus, the effect of previous compatibility was larger in patients than in healthy participants as indicated by greater N2 adjustments in change trials (i.e. iC, cI). As a result of stronger conflict adaptation in patients, N2 amplitudes were comparable between groups in incompatible trials following incompatible trials.ConclusionsLarger N2 amplitudes and greater conflict adaptation in OCD point to enhanced conflict monitoring leading to increased recruitment of cognitive control in patients. This was most pronounced in change trials and was associated with stronger conflict adjustment in N2 and behaviour. Thus, hyperactive conflict monitoring in OCD may be beneficial in situations that require a high amount of control to resolve conflict, but may also reflect an effortful process that is linked to distress and symptoms of OCD.

scholarly journals S46. IMPAIRED ERROR-PROCESSING IN PATIENTS WITH FIRST-EPISODE PSYCHOSIS: AN EVENT-RELATED POTENTIAL STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S50-S50
Author(s):  
Jihye Park ◽  
Minah Kim ◽  
Wu Jeong Hwang ◽  
Jun Soo Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
First Episode Psychosis ◽  
Electrode Site ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Episode Psychosis ◽  
Related Potentials

Abstract Background Impaired error/conflict monitoring as reflected in the event-related potentials (ERPs) has consistently reported in patients with schizophrenia. However, whether this impairment exist from the early phase of psychosis such as first-episode psychosis (FEP) is not yet been clearly reported. To investigate the presence of error/conflict monitoring deficit in early psychosis, we examined the error-related negativity (ERN), error-related positivity (Pe), and correct-response negativity (CRN) during the Go/Nogo task in the patients with FEP. Methods 25 patients with and 25 age, sex matched healthy controls (HCs) were participated in electroencephalographic recording during the Go/Nogo task. Trials with error response was analyzed to define ERN at Fz electrode site and Pe at Pz electrode site. Trials with correct response was used for CRN analysis at Fz electrode site. Independent samples t-test was used to compare the amplitudes of ERP components between FEP and HC groups. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to reveal the relationship of altered ERP component with symptomatic severity in patients with schizophrenia. Results FEP patients showed significantly smaller ERN amplitude at Fz electrode site compared to HCs (t=-3.294, p=0.002). However, there was no difference of CRN (t=0.017, p=0.986) and Pe (t=1.806, p=0.077) amplitudes between FEP and HC groups. There was no significant correlation of symptomatic severity and ERN amplitude at Fz electrode site in FEP patients. Discussion These findings suggest that impairments in error/conflict monitoring as reflected by ERN amplitude exist from the early course of psychotic disorder. Future study with larger sample size and subjects at earlier phase such as clinical high risk for psychosis would be needed to confirm the findings of current study.

Fractionating the Cognitive Control Required to Bring About a Change in Task: A Dense-sensor Event-related Potential Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan E. Astle ◽  
G. M. Jackson ◽  
R. Swainson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Overt Response ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Basic Task ◽  
Physical Response ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Covert Response

The ability to change our behavior is one that we frequently exert, although determining the mechanisms by which we do so is far from trivial. Task switching is a useful experimental paradigm for studying cognitive control functions. Switching between tasks is associated with a decrement in performance, or “switch-cost,” relative to repeating the same task. We have previously demonstrated that this cost is dependent on switching from performing one task to performing another; changing only our intended performance does not elicit the same performance deficit. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we dissociated two electrophysiological indices mirroring this behavioral distinction [Astle, D. E., Jackson, G. M., & Swainson, R. Dissociating neural indices of dynamic cognitive control in advance task-set preparation: An ERP study of task switching. Brain Res, 1125, 94–103, 2006]. However, what was unclear were the specific aspects of performance that were critical for triggering the neural mechanisms associated specifically with switching from a previously performed task. Two candidate aspects were: (i) that performance required a physical response and (ii) that the two tasks shared their responses (they had bivalent response mappings). The present study therefore compared three separate groups to explore the effects of these different aspects of performance. Each group completed the same basic task-switching paradigm, but with either an overt response or covert response, and either switching between tasks that shared their responses (bivalent response mappings) or had separate responses (univalent response mappings). When comparing precue-locked ERPs, we observed three separable components: one common to all three groups, one which primarily dissociated overt from covert responding, and one which primarily dissociated bivalent from univalent responding. We therefore concluded that changing our behavior engages at least three dissociable mechanisms. Interestingly, in the overt conditions, residual switch-costs were absent; in addition, therefore, we concluded that it is possible to engage cognitive control in advance, such that the new behavior is as efficient as were the subject to have repeated the old behavior.

An ERP Study of Expectation Violation in a Social Comparison Context

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Du ◽  
Glenn Hitchman ◽  
Qing-Lin Zhang ◽  
Jiang Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Social Comparison ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Dipole Source ◽  
Conflict Task ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Unknown Event

Previous studies pay more attention to the cognitive control in classical cognitive conflict task but the time-course of the expectation violation in a social comparison context remains unknown. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to explore the electrophysiological correlates of expectation violation by using a reward feedback paradigm in a social comparison context. Results showed that: Expectation incongruent stimuli (EIS) elicited a more positive ERP deflection (P400-700) than did expectation congruent stimuli (ECS) between 400 and 700 ms. Furthermore, dipole source analysis revealed that the generator of P400-700 was localized near the posterior cingulate gyrus (PCC), which might be involved in the monitoring and controlling of reward expectation conflict (expectation violation). EIS also elicited a more negative ERP deflection (N1000-1500) than did ECS between 1,000 and 1,500 ms. The generator of N1000-1500 was localized near the parahippocampal gyrus, which might be related to unpleasant emotions induced by a lack of reward feedback.

scholarly journals Conflict monitoring, error detection, and inhibition: behavioural and electrophysiological features

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Egeto
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Error Awareness ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Error Positivity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Inhibition Index

Event-related potentials of performance monitoring, including N2 (conflict monitoring), error-related negativity and error positivity (ERN and Pe; error monitoring), and P3 (inhibition) have been studied. However, conflict monitoring lacks a behavioural measure, and the functional significance of ERN, Pe, and P3 are debated. To address these issues, a behavioural measure of conflict monitoring was tested by subtracting the reaction time (RT) of a simple from a choice RT task to isolate conflict monitoring; the functions of error monitoring and inhibition were examined. The RT difference correlated with the N2 area (longer conflict monitoring related to a larger N2). ERN and Pe areas were negatively and positively correlated with errors, respectively. P3 magnitude and onset were correlated with an inhibition index. The new behavioural measure provides an accessible way to study conflict monitoring. Theories of conflict monitoring for ERN, error awareness for Pe, and inhibition for P3 were replicated and extended.

N200 in the Eriksen-Task: Inhibitory Executive Processes?

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Heil ◽  
Allen Osman ◽  
Juliane Wiegelmann ◽  
Bettina Rolke ◽  
Erwin Hennighausen
Keyword(s):  
Amplitude Modulation ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Response Priming ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Readiness Potentials ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Abstract Event

Abstract Event-related potentials were recorded (N = 18) in a hybrid go/no-go Eriksen flanker task to study the neural correlates of response inhibition. Three letters were assigned to either a left-hand, a right-hand, or a no-go response. These three letters appeared either as targets signaling the assigned response or as flankers surrounding the target. The lateralized readiness potentials revealed erroneous cortical response priming on go trials, in which the target and flankers were assigned to different hands, as well as on no-go trials, in which the flankers primed one of the two hands. Exactly these two conditions were accompanied by a fronto-central amplitude modulation of the N200, suggesting that this ERP component may reflect inhibitory executive functions. The data replicate and extend recent studies by Kopp, Rist, and Mattler (1996) and Kopp, Mattler, Goertz, and Rist (1996) .

scholarly journals Interplay Between Systemic Inflammation, Visceral Fat, and Cognitive Control in People with Excess Fat Mass (OR32-06-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Cannavale ◽  
Melisa Bailey ◽  
Caitlyn Edwards ◽  
Anne Walk ◽  
Sharon Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Peak Amplitude ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Abstract Objectives Excess fat mass has been associated with poorer cognitive function. Elevated visceral adiposity (VAT) has also been associated with cardiometabolic risk factors including chronic systemic low-grade inflammation. Whereas the cognitive implications of inflammation have been extensively studied in preclinical models, the influence of inflammatory cytokines on human cognition is unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relations among VAT, inflammatory cytokines and cognitive control. We hypothesized that elevated VAT and inflammation would be related to poorer performance during a cognitive control task. Methods Participants between 25–45 years (N = 77 48 females) with overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) underwent a DXA scan to quantify VAT. A Flanker Task was used to assess cognitive control while Event-Related Potentials were recorded. Following an overnight fast, blood was collected to quantify plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations using ELISAs. Spearman's correlations were used to analyze relations using a 1-tailed approach. Results Greater VAT was related to lower congruent (r = −.19, P = .05) and incongruent trial accuracy (r = −.26, P = .01), as well as lower congruent P3 peak amplitude (r = −.23, P = .02) and slower latency (r = .37, P < .001). Similarly, elevated CRP and IL-6 were associated with poorer congruent (rCRP = −.22 pCRP = .03; rIL6 = −.20 pIL6 = .03), and incongruent (rCRP = −.33 pCRP = .002; rIL6 = −.32 pIL6 = .002) accuracy. Additionally, CRP was related to slower incongruent P3 peak latency (r = .22, P = .02). Partial correlations controlling for CRP and IL-6 showed that VAT was no longer associated with cognitive performance (all p's > 0.07); however, the association between VAT and P3 peak amplitude (r = −.26, P = .01) and latency (r = .35, P = .001) persisted even following adjustment for CRP and IL-6. Conclusions This work replicates previous research indicating that VAT is related to poorer attentional abilities; however, we extend the literature by elucidating the role of low-grade inflammation as a contributing factor in this relationship in adults with excess fat mass. Funding Sources This work was supported by funds provided by the Dept of Kinesiology & Community Health at UIUC & the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch Project 1009249. Partial support provided by the Hass Avocado Board.

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