scholarly journals Design and Fabrication of Horizontal Screw Type Mixer for Livestock Feed Meal

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayson Reynante Cajindos
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mixing Time ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Machine Performance ◽  
Livestock Feeds ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Gear Box ◽  
Type Mixer

Small-scale livestock raisers are in dire need of a highly nutritious poultry feed to increase production output. And efficient mixing is the next key to good feed production. The mixing time for a batch of ingredients varies according to the design of the mixer, thus designing a fabricated horizontal screw type mixer was necessitate. The horizontal screw type mixer for livestock feed meal was fabricated using metal working concepts. The main components are the housing, bucket, rotor assembly and gear box. Experimental design was made to obtain the machine performance like pulley ratio, number of paddles/ blades, and the driving gear ratio. The machine used four (4) inches diameter pulley at the gear box and seven (7) inches diameter pulley at the gear box and seven (inches) diameter pulley at the motor connecting with a V-belt, eight paddles were installed at the rotor shafting for good mixing capability. The driving gear used 18 teeth at the upper sprocket and 36 teeth at the lower sprocket to obtain past and efficient mixing of raw materials in the production of feeds. It is powered by one half horse power electric motor. The machine could produce in an average of 15 kilograms in two (3.66) minutes.   Keywords – Fabricated Horizontal Screw Mixer, Livestock Feeds, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur, Philippines

Water Pollution Abatement in Small Paper Mills in India

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Panneerselvam
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Recovery System

In order to reduce the demand for the forest based raw materials by the organised industrial sectors like the large integrated pulp and paper mills, the Government of India started promoting several small-scale pulp and paper mills based on non-wood agricultural residue raw materials. However promotion of these small mills has created another environmental problem i.e. severe water pollution due to non-recovery of chemicals. Because of the typical characteristics like high silica content etc. of the black liquor produced and the subsequent high capital investment needed for a recovery system, it is not economically feasible for the small Indian mills to recover the chemicals. While the quantity of wastewater generated per tonne of paper produced by a small mill is same as from a large integrated pulp and paper mill with a chemical recovery system, their BOD load is four times higher, due to non recovery of chemicals. However the existing wastewater disposal standards are uniform for large and small mills for e.g. 30 mg BOD/l. To meet these standards, the small mills have to install a capital intensive wastewater treatment plant with heavy recurring operating costs. Therefore the feasible alternative is to implement various pollution abatement measures, with the objective of not only reducing the fibre/chemical loss but also to reduce the investment and operating costs of the final wastewater treatment system. To illustrate this approach, a case study on water pollution abatement and control in a 10 TPD mill, will be discussed.

scholarly journals Formation conditions and mechanical properties of aggregates produced in tephra–water–snow flows

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Niiya ◽  
Kenichi Oda ◽  
Daisuke Tsuji ◽  
Hiroaki Katsuragi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mixing Time ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Ice Slurry ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Snow And Ice

Abstract The formation of aggregates consisting of snow, water, and tephra has been reported in small-scale experiments on three-phase flows containing tephra, water, and snow, representing lahars triggered by snowmelt. Such aggregates reduce the mobility of mud flow. However, the formation mechanism of such aggregates under various conditions has not been investigated. To elucidate the formation conditions and mechanical properties of the aggregates, we performed mixing experiments with materials on a rotating table and compression tests on the resulting aggregates with a universal testing machine in a low-temperature room at $$0\,^{\circ }\text {C}$$ 0 ∘ C . From experiments with varying component ratios of the mixture and tephra diameter, the following results were obtained: (i) the aggregate grew rapidly and reached maturity after a mixing time of 5 min; (ii) the mass of aggregates increased with snow concentration, exhibiting an approximately linear relationship; (iii) single aggregates with large mass formed at lower and higher tephra concentrations, whereas multiple aggregates with smaller mass were observed at intermediate concentrations; (iv) the shape of the aggregate satisfied the similarity law for an ellipsoid; (v) the compressive mechanical behavior could be modeled by an empirical nonlinear model. The obtained mechanical properties of the aggregates were independent of the experimental conditions; (vi) scaling analysis based on the Reynolds number and the strength of the aggregates showed that the aggregates cannot form in ice-slurry lahars. Our findings suggest that low-speed lahars containing snow and ice are likely to generate aggregates, but snow and ice in the ice-slurry lahars are dispersed without such aggregates.

Integrated Process for Textile Cotton Waste (TCW) Valorization: Waste-to-Energy and Wastewater Decontamination

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ribeiro ◽  
C. Vilarinho ◽  
J. Araújo ◽  
J. Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
World Population ◽  
Cotton Waste ◽  
Textile Industries

The increasing of world population, industrialization and global consuming, existing market products existed in the along with diversification of raw materials, are responsible for an exponential increase of wastes. This scenario represents loss of resources and ultimately causes air, soils and water pollution. Therefore, proper waste management is currently one of the major challenges faced by modern societies. Textile industries represents, in Portugal, almost 10% of total productive transforming sector and 19% of total employments in the sector composed by almost 7.000 companies. One of the main environmental problems of textile industries is the production of significant quantities of wastes from its different processing steps. According to the Portuguese Institute of Statistics (INE) these industries produce almost 500.000 tons of wastes each year, with the textile cotton waste (TCW) being the most expressive. It was estimated that 4.000 tons of TCW are produced each year in Portugal. In this work an integrated TCW valorisation procedure was evaluated, firstly by its thermal and energetic valorisation with slow pyrolysis followed by the utilization of biochar by-product, in lead and chromium synthetic wastewater decontamination. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a small scale rotating pyrolysis reactor with 0.1 m3 of total capacity. Results of pyrolysis experiments showed the formation of 0,241 m3 of biogas for each kilogram of TCW. Results also demonstrated that the biogas is mostly composed by hydrogen (22%), methane (14 %), carbon monoxide (20%) and carbon dioxide (12%), which represents a total high calorific value of 12.3 MJ/Nm3. Regarding biochar, results of elemental analysis demonstrated a high percentage of carbon driving its use as low cost adsorbent. Adsorption experiments were conducted with lead and chromium synthetic wastewaters (25, 50 and 100 mg L−1) in batch vessels with controlled pH. It was evaluated the behaviour of adsorption capacity and removal rate of each metal during 120 minutes of contact time using 5, 10 and 50 g L−1 of adsorbent dosage. Results indicated high affinity of adsorbent with each tested metal with 78% of removal rate in chromium and 95% in lead experiments. This suggests that biochar from TCW pyrolysis may be appropriated to wastewaters treatment, with high contents of heavy metals and it can be an effective alternative to activated carbon.

ASSESSMENT OF NITROGEN FIXATION POTENTIAL IN AHIPA (Pachyrhizus ahipa) AND ITS EFFECT ON ROOT AND SEED YIELD

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. RODRÍGUEZ-NAVARRO ◽  
M. CAMACHO ◽  
F. TEMPRANO ◽  
C. SANTAMARÍA ◽  
E. O. LEIDI
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
South American ◽  
Field Inoculation ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Alternative Crop ◽  
Attractive Option

SUMMARYAhipa is a legume of great interest for the production of raw materials (starch, sugar, oil and proteins) for industrial use. Its yield potential and ability to fix atmospheric N2 in association with rhizobia makes it an attractive option for low input agriculture systems. At present, it is cultivated on a very small scale as a food crop in a few South American countries. Little information is available on symbiotic N2 fixation in ahipa and no work has been performed on strain selection for inoculant production. Soils in southwest Europe are devoid of specific rhizobia able to nodulate on ahipa. Selecting rhizobia for symbiotic effectiveness from a collection led to the isolation of strains which provided greater shoot growth and N content under controlled conditions. In the field, inoculation at sowing with the selected strains increased significantly seed and tuberous root yield and seed protein content. The amount of N2 fixed, estimated by 15N natural abundance, reached 160–260 kg N ha−1. In previous work, ahipa appeared to be a promising alternative crop for the production of industrial raw materials. The results of the present study showed a yield increase in tuberous roots and seeds when applying effective rhizobia inoculants. Furthermore, a positive soil N balance was left after its cultivation making ahipa even more interesting for sustainable farming systems.

scholarly journals Constraints of small-scale irrigated fodder production and nutrition assessment for livestock feed, a case study in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 254 ◽  
pp. 106973
Author(s):  
Abeyou W. Worqlul ◽  
Yihun T. Dile ◽  
Petra Schmitter ◽  
Melkamu Bezabih ◽  
Aberra Adie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Assessment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Fodder Production

COMPARATIVE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ESTIMATION OF THE SMALL-SCALE ON-FARM COMPOUND FEED PLANTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
SERGEY V. BRAGINETS ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Effi Ciency ◽  
On Farm

On-farm compound feed production from self-produced raw materials is favorable to agricultural enterprises under present-day conditions. The authors carried out a comparative technical and economic study of the conventional and modular small-scale on-farm compound feed plants with a capacity of 2 tons per hour, designed for agricultural enterprises with an average livestock population of 6…8 thousand pigs. The proposed modular plant consists of two modules – the operative storage of raw materials and the main module of grinding and mixing. Modules with installed equipment are delivered and placed on a light foundation, connected by transport equipment and with tanks for raw materials and fi nished products. The conventional factory is a technological line housed in a hangar and used for crushing, metering, and mixing raw materials. It consists of a separator, a hammer mill, weighing equipment, a mixer, containers for raw materials and fi nished products, transport, and aspiration equipment. The technical and economic analysis has shown that the erection and operation of the on-farm modular enterprise require 41% less capital investments than a traditional compound feed plant of the same capacity. The use of a small-scale modular plant will reduce operating costs by 23.8% (from 3094 to 2358 thousand rubles), increase the specifi c economic eff ect from the compound feed production by 1.6% (from 8.64 to 8.78 thousand rubles per ton) and return on margin by 4% (from 10.2 to 10.6%), reduce the payback period by 42% (from 0.8 to 0.46 years), and increase the net present value by 3% (from 66167 to 68216 thousand rubles), as compared to a conventional enterprise. The modular on-farm plants producing loose compound feed with a productivity of up to 3 tons per hour are profi table and economically sound as they can increase production effi ciency of compound feeds for farm animals.`

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE FUCTIONAL ROLE OF RICE MILLING COMPANY ON THE WELFARE OF RICE FARMERS IN THE SUB-DISTRICT BUAY MADANG TIMUR DISTRICT OKU TIMUR

Jurnal AKTUAL ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Aisah Aisah
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Rice Milling ◽  
Processing And Storage

Rice Milling Company is rice industry’s oldest and largest classified in Indonesia, which is able to absorb more than 10 million workers, handles more than 40 million tons of grain.  Rice Milling Company agro-industy is the central point, because this is where the main product is obtained in the form of rice and raw materials for advanced processing of food and industrial products.  Rice Miling Unit in the district of OKU Timur there is some skala, ranging form small-scale, medium-scale to large-scale.  Fuctional benefits of each different scale milling is also different.  The average rice farmers often sell gabahnya to the rice milling unit closest to the place residence, whether it is large-scale, medium and small.  Rice produced by the milling-grinding different quality.  Usually when a large-scale millimg yield of rice is cleaner than the other scale.  But it does not become a reference for milling grain milling usually depends on consumer demand.  The purpose of the study are : 1.  To determine levels of volume (tonnage) and the retention time of each service fuctional rice storage (barns) wich carried a different scale rice milling unit.  2.  To determine differences in the bebefits of economic transactions received by farmers and rice millers of different scale of business, especially when seen from the level of the milling costs, the purchase price of rice by rice milling unit, and the quality of milling services and service scale.  The result show that : the fuctional role of each is different milling.  Large-scale milling has three fuctional roles are : Processing, storage and distribution.  Medium-scale miling functional has two roles, namely : processing and distribution.  While small-scale rice milling unit has only two functional roles are : processing and storage.

scholarly journals Brazilian obligatory subterranean fauna and threats to the hypogean environment

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 746 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Eduardo Gallão ◽  
Maria Elina Bichuette
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Hydroelectric Projects ◽  
Selective Regime ◽  
Subterranean Species ◽  
Subterranean Environment

The subterranean environment harbors species that are not capable of establishing populations in the epigean environment, i.e., the obligatory subterranean species. These organisms live in a unique selective regime in permanent darkness and usually low food availability, high air humidity in terrestrial habitats, and low temperature range allied to other unique conditions related to lithologies and past climatic influences. The pressure to increase Brazil’s economic growth relies on agricultural/pastoral industries and exporting of raw materials such as iron, limestone, ethanol, soybean, cotton, and meat, as well as huge reservoir constructions to generate electricity. Mining (even on a small scale), agricultural expansion, and hydroelectric projects are extremely harmful to subterranean biodiversity, via the modification and even destruction of hypogean habitats. The Brazilian subterranean species were analyzed with respect to their distributions, presence on the IUCN Red List, and current and potential threats to hypogean habitats. A map and three lists are presented, one with the described obligatory subterranean species, one with undescribed taxa, and one with the current and potential threats to the hypogean environment. To date, 150 obligatory subterranean species have been recorded in Brazil, plus at least 156 undescribed troglomorphic taxa, totaling 306 Brazilian troglobites/obligatory cave fauna. We also analyzed the current and potential cave threats and the conservation actions that are underway to attempt to compensate for loss of these habitats. In according to the Brazilian legislation (Decree 6640) only caves of maximum relevance are fully protected. One strategy to protect the subterranean fauna of Brazil is the inclusion of these species in the IUCN Red List (one of attributes that determines maximum relevance for caves); however, one of the IUCN assumptions is that the taxa must be formally described. It is clear that the description and proposed protection of Brazilian subterranean biodiversity depends on more systematics studies.

Comparing Environmental Impacts of Additive Manufacturing vs. Investment Casting for the Production of a Shroud for Gas Turbine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Serra ◽  
Martina Malarco ◽  
Alessandro Musacchio ◽  
Giulio Buia ◽  
Pietro Bartocci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Investment Casting ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Atomization Process ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM hereinafter) is revolutionizing prototyping production and even small-scale manufacturing. Usually it is assumed that AM has lower environmental impact, compared to traditional manufacturing processes, but there have been no comprehensive environmental life-cycle assessment studies confirming this, especially for the gas turbines (GT hereinafter) and turbomachinery sector. In this study the core processes performed at Baker Hughes site in Florence are considered, together with the powder production via atomization process to describe the overall environmental impact of a GT shroud produced through additive manufacturing and comparing it with traditional investment casting production process. Particular attention is given to materials production and logistics. The full component life cycle starts from the extraction of raw materials during mining, their fusion and, as said, the atomization process, the powders are transported to the gas turbines production site where they are used as base material in additive manufacturing, also machining and finishing processes are analyzed as they differ for a component produced by AM respect to one produced by traditional investment casting. From the analysis of the data obtained, it emerges that the AM process has better performances in terms of sustainability than the Investment casting (IC hereinafter), highlighted above all by a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG hereinafter) of over 40%.

Revival of resource potential of cattle breeding as a competitiveness development factor for enterprises of dairy subcomplex of Ukrainian agro-industrial complex

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. I. Yemtsev ◽  
◽  
N. M. Slobodyanyuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Private Households ◽  
Development Factor

Permanent crises in the Ukrainian economy, the devaluation of the hryvnia, decline in household income and purchasing power, increased competition in the global market, as well as the continuous rise in world prices for food and non-food items have created new realities for enterprise functioning in the dairy subcomplex of Ukrainian agro-industrial complex and cause its transformation. World milk production and consumption are increasing. However, there are opposite trends in Ukraine: in 1990, the country produced 24.5 million tons of milk and was the 6th in the world ranking of milk producing countries, in 2020 – 9.3 million tons and the 22nd place, respectively. Therefore, the study of the reasons for the existence of these trends is very relevant. The research was based on the following methods: qualitative analysis and synthesis, economic and statistical analysis, comparisons, analytical and logical generalizations, etc. At the beginning of 2021, the total number of cattle in Ukraine amounted to 2.874 million and over the past 10 years, this number has decreased by 1.952 million, including cows – by 0.958 million. Milk production remains a small-scale branch. In 2020, 9.263 million tons of milk were produced (17.66% less than in 2010). Of these, 29.8% – in agricultural enterprises and 70.2% – in private households. However, the sanitary quality control of milk is carried out only in 14.8% of private households, therefore, in 2020, the main milk supplier for processing were agricultural enterprises, which supplied 77.2% of the total amount of milk delivered for processing, thus ensuring an increase in quality and safety of milk obtained by processing enterprises. A significant reduction in the volume of milk supplies for processing led to a decrease in the number of processing enterprises by 69.14% in 2020 compared to 1990. The main factors of transformation of the dairy subcomplex of Ukraine include declining cow population, insufficient quality of raw milk and its non-compliance with the EU regulations and standards, low technological level of milk production, insufficient quality control of raw materials, lack of modern equipment, high capital and labor intensity of production processes, rising prices for energy and other resources, lower consumption of dairy products due to low purchasing ability, increased competition in global and domestic dairy markets, etc. Possible directions of small-scale milk producers’ integration need further research.

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