Integrated Process for Textile Cotton Waste (TCW) Valorization: Waste-to-Energy and Wastewater Decontamination

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ribeiro ◽  
C. Vilarinho ◽  
J. Araújo ◽  
J. Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
World Population ◽  
Cotton Waste ◽  
Textile Industries

The increasing of world population, industrialization and global consuming, existing market products existed in the along with diversification of raw materials, are responsible for an exponential increase of wastes. This scenario represents loss of resources and ultimately causes air, soils and water pollution. Therefore, proper waste management is currently one of the major challenges faced by modern societies. Textile industries represents, in Portugal, almost 10% of total productive transforming sector and 19% of total employments in the sector composed by almost 7.000 companies. One of the main environmental problems of textile industries is the production of significant quantities of wastes from its different processing steps. According to the Portuguese Institute of Statistics (INE) these industries produce almost 500.000 tons of wastes each year, with the textile cotton waste (TCW) being the most expressive. It was estimated that 4.000 tons of TCW are produced each year in Portugal. In this work an integrated TCW valorisation procedure was evaluated, firstly by its thermal and energetic valorisation with slow pyrolysis followed by the utilization of biochar by-product, in lead and chromium synthetic wastewater decontamination. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a small scale rotating pyrolysis reactor with 0.1 m3 of total capacity. Results of pyrolysis experiments showed the formation of 0,241 m3 of biogas for each kilogram of TCW. Results also demonstrated that the biogas is mostly composed by hydrogen (22%), methane (14 %), carbon monoxide (20%) and carbon dioxide (12%), which represents a total high calorific value of 12.3 MJ/Nm3. Regarding biochar, results of elemental analysis demonstrated a high percentage of carbon driving its use as low cost adsorbent. Adsorption experiments were conducted with lead and chromium synthetic wastewaters (25, 50 and 100 mg L−1) in batch vessels with controlled pH. It was evaluated the behaviour of adsorption capacity and removal rate of each metal during 120 minutes of contact time using 5, 10 and 50 g L−1 of adsorbent dosage. Results indicated high affinity of adsorbent with each tested metal with 78% of removal rate in chromium and 95% in lead experiments. This suggests that biochar from TCW pyrolysis may be appropriated to wastewaters treatment, with high contents of heavy metals and it can be an effective alternative to activated carbon.

scholarly journals A Novel Robotic Arm Design for Small Scale Industries Using myRIO

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.6) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
M. Srilatha ◽  
R. Hemalatha
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Robotic Arm ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Complete Automation ◽  
Human Effort ◽  
Small Scale Industries

In small-scale industries, under extreme working conditions, personnel are frequently involved in lifting and carrying raw materials, which is hazardous at times. Robot, a machine with intelligence can perform the same task with the help of control instructions fed by computer or remote control. Technological development in the area of robotics made it possible to design robotic arm with the same degree of precision as a replacement to the human intervention. This will introduce automation in small-scale industries, which saves time, reduces human effort and expenditure in production. Further, this will be a starting point for complete automation of entire process, which can be expensive and complicated. NI LabVIEW along with NI-myRIO can provide a better solution in designing a more precise and accurate robot in a very low cost, which is affordable by small-scale industries. NI-myRIO is used to generate and acquire signals for controlling and processing. Further it has an inbuilt processor and FPGA which has many reconfigurable analogue and digital features.  

Wastewater reclamation systems in small communities

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Alcalde ◽  
M. Folch ◽  
J.C. Tapias ◽  
E. Huertas ◽  
A. Torrens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection

The demands established in the rules and regulations by the administration in Catalonia seem to exclude small communities from wastewater reclamation and reuse, due to the comparatively high costs associated with the practice at small scale. In the framework of the DRAC project (Demonstration on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Catalonia) two different pre-treatment systems, one extensive (infiltration–percolation) and another intensive (ring filter), each one followed by chlorine dioxide disinfection, were tested in order to be applied for small communities wastewater reclamation and reuse. The results of this study show that infiltration–percolation systems remove very efficiently physico-chemical contaminants and microorganisms. The ring filter system does not show a significant removal rate of contaminants. The use of infiltration–percolation as a pre-treatment for advanced chemical disinfection allows reducing the dose of disinfectant and the contact time needed to achieve a specific water quality, and diminishes disinfection by-products (DBPs) generation. Therefore, this reclamation line is suitable for small communities due to its efficiency and low cost. However, further studies are needed in relation to the removal mechanisms of microorganisms, organic compounds in IP systems and the possible DBPs formation using chlorine dioxide.

Evaluation of a Small-Scale Biofilm Process for Wastewater Treatment

1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Shankha K. Banerji ◽  
Kye-Min Cho
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Settling Chamber ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Organic Removal ◽  
Biofilm Process ◽  
Secondary Settling ◽  
Bod Removal

Abstract An innovative aerated biofilm process (ABP) was evaluated under laboratory conditions to treat synthetic wastewater. The particular system performed well (>90% BOD removal) at fairly high BOD loading conditions (16.7 g BOD m−2d−1). The process did not require a separate secondary settling chamber to produce an effluent low in suspended solids (<10 mgL−1). The amount of sludge produced was lower than other comparable systems — 0.3g total solids were produced per g of BOD removed at an organic removal rate of 8 g BOD m−2d−1. This process could be adopted for treating wastewater in small systems.

scholarly journals Waste to Energy: An Assessment of Application of the Selective Fuel for Applications in Industries using a Mixture of "A" Grade Coal and Municipal Solid Waste

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nripendra Bajracharya ◽  
Bhakta Bahadur Ale ◽  
Ramesh Man Singh ◽  
Tri Ratna Bajracharya
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Index Test ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
So2 Emission ◽  
Refuse Derived Fuel

This paper is about how the garbage that is considered as nuisance can actually be a source of energy that is vital for us. The fuel prepared by blending combustible fraction of waste is called refuse derived fuel (RDF). When the waste is mixed with coal known as selective fuel, they can be the replacement for coal in industries. The vertical shaft brick kiln (VSBK) has been taken as a representative of industrial sector. This is the theme of this research. The coal sample used is from Assam, India which is the A grade coal normally used in VSBKs of Nepal. The selective fuel was undergone proximate analysis, smoke index test, flue gas emission test and was also tested for its calorific value. The moisture content and ash content is found to be 8.69% and 11.21% respectively which is the acceptable range for VSBK. The fixed carbon content of the fuel is 28.03%. The sulphur content of the coal is 6.4% which can be captured using Ca(OH2. Addition of lime and presence of excess air help to control smoke during combustion. Flue gas emission test shows CO emission of 56.66 ppm, CO2 emission of 2% and no SO2 emission. The economic analysis shows that installation of small scale briquetting plant is feasible. Besides this, mathematical calculation has also been done to deduce some results.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2016, 12(1): 129-142

Effects of type of flow, plants and addition of organic carbon in the removal of zinc and chromium in small-scale model wetlands

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Paredes ◽  
M.E. Vélez ◽  
P. Kuschk ◽  
R.A. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Typha Latifolia ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Small Scale Model

Constructed wetlands are used for the treatment of wastewater containing metals. In order to clarify the role of plants, flow and the impact of organic matter, an investigation of three factors, each at two different levels, was carried out in small-scale model wetlands. The evaluated factors and levels were: type of flow (subsurface and surface); presence of plants (planted with Typha latifolia and unplanted) and addition of organic matter (with and without). Eight different experimental units were run for a year. The units were fed with synthetic wastewater containing chromium (VI) (1.5 mg L−1), zinc (1.5 mg L−1), macro, micronutrients and organic matter (to those units in which this factor was being investigated). Subsurface flow wetlands showed a significantly higher rate of chromium removal in comparison with surface flow systems (97 and 60 mg m−2 d−1, respectively). Planted systems removed significantly more chromium compared to unplanted systems (85 and 76 mg m−2 d−1, respectively), and the addition of organic matter increased the removal rate in a comparison with the units without it (88 and 69 mg m−2 d−1, respectively). Similar results were found for zinc; however, the addition of organic matter made no significant difference to zinc removal.

scholarly journals Kinetic and Isotherm Studies of Ni2+ and Pb2+ Adsorption from Synthetic Wastewater Using Eucalyptus camdulensis—Derived Biochar

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3785
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shafiq ◽  
Abdulrahman Ali Alazba ◽  
Muhammad Tahir Amin
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Carboxylic Groups ◽  
Percentage Removal ◽  
The Eu

The production of biosorbents by waste biomass has attracted considerable attention due to the low cost and abundance of the raw materials. Here biochar produced from Eucalyptus camdulensis sawdust (EU-biochar) via pyrolysis at 600 °C was used as a potential biosorbent for Ni2+ and Pb2+ metal ions from wastewater. Characterization experiments indicated the formation of C- and O-bearing functional groups on the EU-biochar surface, while shifts and changes in the shape of C–H bands suggested the adsorption of Ni2+ and Pb2+ onto EU-biochar by interacting with surface carboxylic groups. Pb2+ was adsorbed more quickly than Ni2+, indicating a faster and stronger interaction of Pb2+ with EU-biochar compared to Ni2+. As the initial concentrations of both metal ions increased, the percentage removal decreased, whereas increasing the EU-biochar dose improved the percentage removal but impaired the adsorption capacity for Ni2+ and Pb2+. The adsorption capacity could only be improved without affecting the percentage removal of both ions by increasing the pH of the metal solutions. The sorption efficiency of EU-biochar and the removal mechanism of Ni2+ and Pb2+ were further explored using non-linear and linear forms of kinetic and isotherm models.

scholarly journals THERMAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LIME PRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (29) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Flávia Sapper DA ROSA ◽  
Andressa LHAMBY ◽  
Vinicyus Mourão Monteiro GUILLET ◽  
Marcos Antônio KLUNK ◽  
Nattan Roberto CAETANO
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Cooking Time ◽  
Thermal Variation ◽  
Calcination Process ◽  
Mining Companies ◽  
Great Availability ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Lime Production

The ore beneficiation process uses little technology, but mining companies have high economic performance. As an energy source, firewood plays a fundamental role due to its simple storage, low cost, great availability of forests, and lack of processing. Thus, the present work aims to analyze the consumption of firewood as fuel and possible improvements in the process for the production of lime in terms of harnessing raw materials and costs. Calcium oxide is obtained from the thermal decomposition of calcium and magnesium carbonates obtained from dolomitic deposits of limestone (CaCO3 : CaMgCO3). After CaO extraction, it is subjected to a calcination process, removing carbon dioxide (CO2) in ovens that work at temperatures between 900 and 1200°C. The source of energy applied to the calcination furnaces in the analyzed area is wood. The wood has a calorific value between 2,250 and 2,700 Kcal/Kg, but the moisture content responsible for the thermal variation must be considered. The firewood burning process was carried out in a ravine type oven where the temperature at which operators are exposed to heat was evaluated. The results indicated that the cooking time dropped by 20% as the amount of wood is fed into the oven. This increase represents a significant gain in lime production, thus leading to a higher profit for the company.

scholarly journals Organic matter removal via activated sludge immobilized gravel in fixed bed reactor

2020 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 03006
Author(s):  
Banu Sizirici ◽  
Ibrahim Yildiz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Breakthrough Curves ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Sample ◽  
Bed Height

In this study, the adsorption capability of the activated sludge immobilized gravel as a low-cost and efficient adsorbent to remove organic matter in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from synthetic wastewater was investigated using fixed bed columns. The effects of parameters including column pack height and influent COD concentrations on removal efficiencies were assessed through breakthrough curves. It was found that the removal efficiency increased when fixed bed height was increased and influent COD concentration was decreased. The maximum COD removal rate of 36.35%, was obtained for a medium-strength wastewater sample with 1166 mg/L of COD concentration when the bed height was 2 cm, and the flow rate was 11 mL/min. Activated sludge immobilized gravel can be utilized as a low cost bio-filter to remove organic material from wastewater.

scholarly journals A Study on Impact of Disposable Face Mask Market on Small Scale Industries in Selected Cities of Andhra Pradesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Tanya Nagpal ◽  
Sai Mahesh B ◽  
Phani Sai chandu Sunkavalli ◽  
Deepa Narravula ◽  
Shalini N S
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The People ◽  
Textile Industries ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Small scale industries are major contribution on GDP. Due to COVID-19 global economy was affected and their impact on textile industries. In present scenario many countries are facing shortage of face mask due to shutdown of industries due to COVID-19 and lack of raw materials due to closing of borders and complete lockdowns throughout the world. Due to lack of face mask the people are wearing homemade face masks. This study helps us to examine how face masks market impact on small scale industries and problems faced by small scale industries due to pandemic. The main objective of the study was to understand why face mask got such huge demand and due to pandemic how small-scale industries got impacted and challenges faced by industries on manufacturing face masks and it was found that textile industries get benefited through face masks and benefits in form of relief funds provided by the government to small scale sectors, growth and performance of small-scale industries in pandemic situation. This research will further facilitate to small-scale industries in order to frame sustainable practices in the COVID situation.

scholarly journals Livestock production in the Urdzhar district of the East Kazakhstan region: current state and problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
Z. H. Kazhiyeva ◽  
◽  
A. Y. Agumbayeva ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Current State ◽  
East Kazakhstan ◽  
Livestock Products

The aim -is to study the current state of the development of livestock production in the Urdzhar region of the East Kazakhstan region, to identify the reasons that restrain the increase in the potential of meat and dairy industry. Methods - monographic, analysis and synthesis, statistical and economic, computational and constructive, balance. Results - the results of the activity of livestock production sector for 2016-2020 were analyzed; the dynamics of such indicators as the amount of livestock products; the population number of livestock and poultry, their productivity; structure of production by category of agri businesses, as well as their share and personal subsidiary plots in the total volume of agricultural products and the population number of livestock are presented. The paper presents the potential for growth in the output of livestock subcomplex, provision of its own resources, a steady growth in agricultural production, a leading position in milk production in the region, the creation of modernized dairy farms, organization of purchasing milk from the population and selling own dairy products to other areas of the region. On the basis of the study, the main problems in the development of animal husbandry in the region were identified, including small-scale commodity; concentration of most of the livestock products received in the household sector of the population, an insignificant share of breeding animals, a low level of livestock productivity, technical and technological equipment of the machine and tractor facilities and operating processing enterprises; lack of a developed infrastructure for the procurement and processing of leather and fur raw materials. The authors note that despite the sufficient supply of raw materials and the availability of infrastructure, the network of processing facilities (meat, milk) is poorly developed, there is a shortage of collateral, and there are no typical cattle burial grounds. Conclusions - it is necessary to master innovative technologies for production of low-cost, ecological, competitive products of the industry, which will reduce the negative impact on the environment, material costs, and effectively use land and water resources. Proposals on theoretical and practical results have been developed.

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