Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): What Can Africa Learn from Ongoing Research in Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Chemotherapy and Prevention?

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Silas Lendzele Sevidzem ◽  
Aubin Armel Koumba ◽  
Christophe Roland Zinga- Koumba ◽  
Nonvignon Marius Kedote ◽  
Gaël Darren Maganga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Animal Host ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
The World

The world is experiencing an outbreak due to the new and mysterious SARS-CoV-2. Information regarding its source and transmission dynamics in different environments as well as medications for its prevention and cure is weak. This review seeks to document on the epidemiology, clinical signs, control, prevention, and present some perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 research in Africa. There are geographical differences in morbidity and mortality rates of this disease all over the world. The scientific community strongly reject claims regarding the fact that the virus has been genetically manipulated, but supports the theory that it has a natural origin from animal host as any other emerging viral disease. Although animals are thought to be the original source of global spill over, person-to-person transmission is well comprehended. Transmission could be enhanced by symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals with high contaminations reported in dense urban environments. Scientific evidences from the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and other publications reported that contaminated surfaces and air could possibly be the underlying mechanism through which SARS-CoV-2 spreads. Cohort studies reveal that children as well as adults could be vulnerable to the disease, but others attribute it to health care workers, some risky habits (drinking and smoking) and comorbid individuals due to their immune suppressed status. There is no drug of choice for SARS-CoV-2, but clinical studies including several antiviral drugs are underway. Similarly, vaccine studies and clinical trial studies are ongoing. Because there is no medication, preventive measures such as Personal Protective Equipments (PPEs), ventilators, sanitation, social distancing, and quarantine are the gears globally used to curb the spread of this virus. The African continent does not have high morbidity and mortality compared to other continents that are highly affected. The following lessons could be learned by Africans from ongoing research: that the SARS-CoV-2 originated from an animal host, individuals could be infected irrespective of their age, sex, race, and origin, there is a broad spectrum of clinical signs and confirmatory diagnosis is required, there is no approved drug of choice, vaccine trials are ongoing and community-based prevention is required, the recommendations put in place by the Government and the WHO to curb the spread of this virus should be strictly followed. From the above lessons, a research project to study the ecological epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in tropical African settings by including the following aspects: socio-cultural, economic, and political characteristics as well as the evaluation of measures taken by the different countries to combat the disease is required.

scholarly journals A transient increase in MHC-IIlow monocytes after experimental infection with Avibacterium paragallinarum (serovar B-1) in SPF chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla Lucía F. Alvarez ◽  
Astrid Poma-Acevedo ◽  
Manolo Fernández-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Avibacterium Paragallinarum ◽  
Facial Swelling

Abstract Infectious coryza (IC), an upper respiratory tract disease affecting chickens, is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum. The clinical manifestations of IC include nasal discharge, facial swelling, and lacrimation. This acute disease results in high morbidity and low mortality, while the course of the disease is prolonged and mortality rates are increased in cases with secondary infections. Studies regarding the immune response in infected chickens are scarce, and the local immune response is the focal point of investigation. However, a large body of work has demonstrated that severe infections can impact the systemic immune response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the systemic effects of Avibacterium paragallinarum (serovar B-1) infection on immune cells in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The current study revealed the presence of a transient circulating monocyte population endowed with high phagocytic ability and clear downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) surface expression. In human and mouse studies, this monocyte population (identified as tolerant monocytes) has been correlated with a dysfunctional immune response, increasing the risk of secondary infections and mortality. Consistent with this dysfunctional immune response, we demonstrate that B cells from infected chickens produced fewer antibodies than those from control chickens. Moreover, T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of infected chickens had a lower ability to proliferate in response to concanavalin A than those isolated from control chickens. These findings could be related to the severe clinical signs observed in complicated IC caused by the presence of secondary infections.

Tuberculosis amigdalina con foco pulmonar activo en un paciente VHI. A Propósito de un Caso.

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Lara Jácome ◽  
Luis Mogrovejo Freire ◽  
Guillermo Freire Castro ◽  
Rosaura Bravo Pita ◽  
Omar Barragán Cabezas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Differential Diagnoses ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Primary Tuberculosis ◽  
The World ◽  
Pulmonary Focus

Tuberculosis is one of the most serious infectious problems in the world, it represents one of the main causes of global morbidity and mortality. Primary tuberculosis of the oral cavity and oropharynx is quite rare. In this article, we describe a case of a 38-year-old woman who has been HIV positive for two years with a diagnosis of tonsillar tuberculosis with an active pulmonary focus. Clinical manifestations, difficulty of diagnosis, differential diagnoses are considered. A detailed review of the literature on tonsillar tuberculosis is also included. Palabras claves: amígdala, tuberculosis, VHI

scholarly journals CLINICAL STUDY AND MANAGEMENT OF PERITONITIS SECONDARY TO PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Sanjay Kumar Suman ◽  
Mukesh Kumar ◽  
Pawan Kumar Jha ◽  
Debarshi Jana
Keyword(s):  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Perforated Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Duodenal Perforation ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Peptic Ulcer Perforation ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Ulcer Perforation

Background: Perforated peptic ulcer is the most common cause among all causes of gastrointestinal tract perforationwhich is an emergency condition of the abdomen that requires early recognition and timely surgical management. Peptic ulcer perforation is associated significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of study is to evaluate the incidence, clinical presentation, management and outcomes of the patient with peptic ulcer perforation undergoing emergency laparotomy. Methods: This retrospective study includes 45 patients who were operated for perforated peptic ulcer peritonitis atDepartment of Surgery, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar from October 2018 to March 2020. Paediatricpatients of age less than 14 years, patients presenting as recurrent perforation were excluded from the study. A detailed history, clinical presentation and routine investigations were done in all cases. Results: In the present study, most of the patients were male. Most of these patients presents with clinical signs ofperitonitis between 24-48 hours after onset of the pain. Among the patients of peptic ulcer perforation, duodenal perforation (93.3%) is more common and which is the most common cause of perforation peritonitis. The diagnosis is made clinically and confirmed by presence of gas under diaphragm on radiograph. Exploratory laparotomy with simple closure of perforation with omental patch was done in all cases. The most common post-operative complication was wound infection (57.5%). The overall mortality was 11.1%. Conclusions: Late presentation of peptic ulcer perforation is common with high morbidity and mortality. Surgicalintervention with Graham’s omentopexy with broad spectrum antibiotics is still commonly practiced.

scholarly journals Clinical study and management of peritonitis secondary to perforated peptic ulcer

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 2721
Author(s):  
Dushyant Kumar Rohit ◽  
R. S. Verma ◽  
Grishmraj Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Perforated Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Peptic Ulcer Perforation ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Ulcer Perforation ◽  
Tract Perforation

Background: Perforated peptic ulcer is the most common cause among all causes of gastrointestinal tract perforation which is an emergency condition of the abdomen that requires early recognition and timely surgical management. Peptic ulcer perforation is associated significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of study is to evaluate the incidence, clinical presentation, management and outcomes of the patient with peptic ulcer perforation undergoing emergency laparotomy.Methods: This retrospective study includes 45 patients who were operated for perforated peptic ulcer peritonitis at Bundelkhand Medical College and Associated Hospital, Sagar from March 2015 to April 2017. Paediatric patients of age less than 14 years, patients presenting as recurrent perforation were excluded from the study. A detailed history, clinical presentation and routine investigations were done in all cases.Results: In the present study, most of the patients were male. Most of these patients presents with clinical signs of peritonitis between 24-48 hours after onset of the pain. Among the patients of peptic ulcer perforation, duodenal perforation (93.3%) is more common and which is the most common cause of perforation peritonitis. The diagnosis is made clinically and confirmed by presence of gas under diaphragm on radiograph. Exploratory laparotomy with simple closure of perforation with omental patch was done in all cases. The most common post-operative complication was wound infection (57.5%). The overall mortality was 11.1%.Conclusions: Late presentation of peptic ulcer perforation is common with high morbidity and mortality. Surgical intervention with Graham’s omentopexy with broad spectrum antibiotics is still commonly practiced.

MO370PREGNANCY-RELATED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN TUNISIA: A CLINICAL CHALLENGE

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Menel Msehli ◽  
Hela Jbali ◽  
Mami Ikram ◽  
Badreddine Ben kaab ◽  
Fethi Ben hamida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Renal Outcome ◽  
Clinical Feature ◽  
High Morbidity

Abstract Background and Aims Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex disorder that occurs in several clinical settings. During pregnancy, there are additional unique conditions that contribute to AKI. The clinical manifestations of Pregnancy related acute kidney injury(PRAKI) range from a minimal elevation in serum creatinine to severe renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy and may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality in young healthy women. This study aims to describe epidemiologic features, study clinical profile and outcomes of women with PRAKI and identify risk factors related to requiring hemodialysis among patients. Method We performed a retrospective study over a 5-year period (2015–2019) in a Tunisian intensive care unit. All patients presenting PRAKI were included. Results Ninety-six cases of PRAKI were listed. The rate of AKI during pregnancy-related hospitalizations was 16% .the average age was 31 ± 5 years. Most women were from urban areas (62%) but with insufficient prenatal care (57%).Seventy-eight percent underwent cesarean section delivery. PRAKI occurred in the postpartum in 79%of the cases. Oligo-anuria was the most common clinical feature of PRAKI, noted in 82% of our patients. The leading etiological causes were pre eclampsia, eclampsia, postpartum haemorrhage and sepsis respectively, in 49%, 38%, and 24% of the cases. Hemodialysis was required in 23% of cases. In the adjusted regression analysis, factors associated with dialysis were insufficient prenatal care (p=0,010 ; O Ra=24,113), HELLP syndrome (p=0,003 ; ORa=35,129), disseminated intravascular coagulation (p=0,007 ; OR=11,854), average duration of oliguria (p=0,001; ORa=3,025) , Failure stage of RIFLE criteria while admitted (p=0,009; ORa=2,09) and length of ICU stay (p=0,042 ; ORa=1,118). Renal outcome was favorable, with a complete renal function recovery for 72 patients (75%). Only four patients (4%) developed chronic renal failure. Mortality rate was 13%. Conclusion PRAKI is a dreaded complication of pregnancy with high morbidity and mortality. Prevention of PRAKI requires an improvement of the sanitary infrastructures with the implementation of an obligatory prenatal consultation in order to prompt management of the underlying risk factors

scholarly journals The importance of mucormycosis infections on example of Rhino Orbital Cerebral Mucormycosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
Łukasz Pałka ◽  
Vivek Gaur
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
General Health ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
General Health Condition ◽  
Immunocompetent Patients

Mucormycosis is an angioinvasive fungal infection, characterized by high morbidity and mortality and is strongly dependent on the patient’s general health condition, initial site of infection, and the time from diagnosis to treatment commencement. It has been reported that the occurrence of mucormycosis has increased rapidly, also among immunocompetent patients. Moreover, the rise in number is expected to continue. Among all clinical manifestations of mucormycosis, the rhino-orbital-cerebral type (ROCM) is the most common. The aim of this article is to increase the awareness of mucoral infections, especially ROCM, and to describe its first symptoms, as proper treatment requires immediate surgical and medical intervention.

scholarly journals Right Cerebellar Tuberculosis with Cranial Nerve Palsy in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patient

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
I Komang Rusgi Yandi ◽  
Isnin Anang Marhana
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Tuberculosis Patient ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Radiological Findings ◽  
Blurred Vision ◽  
History Of

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health issue. The most devastating clinical manifestations of TB is Central nervous system (CNS) TB. CNS TB is found approximately in 1% of all patients with active TB, and cerebellar TB is rarely reported. CNS TB can present as meningitis, arachnoiditis, tuberculomas, or the uncommon forms of tuberculous subdural empyema and brain abscess.Case: A 23-year-old patient was reported in October 2018 with signs and symptoms of 2-month history of vertigo, headache, vomiting, weakness, fever, blurred vision, lingual palsy, dysmetria, and decrease of consciousness. The patient had a few months of history of cough, contact with a TB patient, his father, and loss of body weight. On admission, the patient had fever (38.50 C) and Glasgow coma score of 13.Discussion:  CNS TB can occur in an immunocompromised patient with malnutrition, whether a child or young adult. The patient in this case had risk factors because he is a young adult and had contact with a patient of TB, his father. Based on epidemiology, clinical signs and symptoms, radiological findings, and the result of AFB-stained sputum, the patient was diagnosed with right cerebellar TB and PTB.Conclusion: The high morbidity and mortality characteristics of CNS TB are very important to note, thus the prompt diagnosis and therapy should be done. The specific therapy of ATD combined with surgery seems to provide a good result. The clinical and radiological findings were used as the evaluation of the medication.

scholarly journals Cholera Case Study on Broiler Poultry Collected from Communities Farm in Banda Aceh Using Pathology Method

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zainuddin Z
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Fowl Cholera ◽  
The World

Fowl cholera is an infectious bacterial disease that is widespread in poultry in the world caused by Pasteurellamultocida. The disease infects both fowl and wild poultry. Poultry become more sensitive to the disease on advance age of chicken and on laying chicken. Generally, thisdisease infects breeding flocks of males with the aged of 33 weeks, and in breeding flocks at age 35 weeks with the symptoms of increasedmortality, and wattle and leg swelling. P multocida infection in chickens aged 25 weeks was reported in Korea. In northern Iran, cholera hasbeen reported endemic in poultry breeders. In chickens, this disease can be manifested in the acute and chronic forms. Generally, fowl cholera isasepticemic disease characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates, usually runs an acute, but in an endemic area the poultry is lesssensitive to this disease, thus,it was grouped to chronic disease. Chronic form of fowl cholera may occur after the outbreak. Recently, fowlcholera incidence in broiler chickens is becoming more common. These cases are associated with farm conditions that are very unhygienic andthe contact between chickens and carrier animals. In Indonesia P. multocida has been isolated from sudden deathlaying hens and broilers. InAceh province incidence of cholera in poultry broiler farms and chicken is quite high, the rate of morbidity and mortality are high.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Key words: chicken, fowl cholera, Pasteurella multocida

scholarly journals DIAGNOSIS DAN TATALAKSANA HEPATOPULMONARY SYNDROME

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Dwitya Elvira
Keyword(s):  
Liver Failure ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Systemic Complications ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Contrast Enhanced Echocardiography ◽  
Complications Of Cirrhosis ◽  
Nuclear Scanning

AbstrakSirosis hepatis dan penyakit hati kronik merupakan penyebab kematian terbanyak di seluruh dunia. Tingginya angka morbiditas dan mortalitas sirosis berhubungan dengan komplikasinya yang bersifat sistemik. Salah satu komplikasi sirosis dapat mengenai paru berupa sindrom hepatopulmonar atau hepatopulmonary syndrome. Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) didefinisikan sebagai trias yang terdiri dari kegagalan hati stadium lanjut, hipoksemia arterial serta dilatasi intravaskular pulmonar tanpa disertai penyakit kardiopulmonar. Patogenesis HPS masih belum diketahui pasti, namun diduga terjadi gangguan metabolisme zat vasoaktif paru yang menimbulkan vasodilatasi vaskuler paru. Manifestasi klinis HPS berupa dispneu yang khas dengan tanda kegagalan hati dan hipertensi portal. Modalitas diagnostik HPS adalah radiologi thorax, analisa gas darah, contrast enhanced echocardiography (CEE), nuclear scanning dengan Tc-99m dan angiografi paru. Penatalaksanaan HPS terutama bertujuan menurunkan vasodilatasi intrapulmonar, meningkatkan oksigenasi arterial dan mengurangi keluhan. Deteksi dini terhadap komplikasi sirosis mutlak diperlukan dalam mencegah dan mengurangi angka morbiditas dan mortalitas.Abstract Liver cirrhosis and chronic liver disease are the leading cause of death worldwide. The high morbidity and mortality associated with their systemic complications. One of the complications of cirrhosis is hepatopulmonary syndrome. Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is defined as the triad of advanced-stage liver failure, arterial hypoxemia and pulmonary intravascular dilatation without cardiopulmonary disease. The pathogenesis of HPS is still not known for sure, but suspected metabolic disorder pulmonary vasoactive substances that cause pulmonary vascular vasodilatation. The clinical manifestations of HPS is typical dispneu with signs of liver failure and portal hypertension. HPS diagnostic modalities are radiology thorax, blood gas analysis, contrast enhanced echocardiography (CEE), nuclear scanning with Tc-99m and pulmonary angiography. HPS management aims primarily to lower intrapulmonar vasodilation, improving arterial oxygenation and reduce complaints. Early detection of complications of cirrhosis is absolutely necessary in preventing and reducing morbidity and mortality.

COVID-19 and Nervous System: underestimated clinical and prognostic aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Irami Filho
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Retrospective Studies ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The World

The coronavirus pandemic transformed the world abruptly due to the speed of transmission and high morbidity and mortality. Many deaths have been quantified, and the scientific community intensifies the search for molecular targets, protein sequences and polymorphisms on SARS-CoV-2, to improve the clinical evolution and survival of patients. Initially, COVID-19 was described with respiratory changes, flu, and fever. With the spread of the disease, clinical manifestations were observed in other organ systems, still unknown. In this sense, the present study describes the main neurological changes and laboratory findings. The literature review was identified in the central databases: Scielo, Google Scholar, PubMed / MedLine, Embase, and Cochrane Database. Twenty-five articles related to the theme were chosen, including reviews, case series, cohort, and retrospective studies. Neurological manifestations were predominantly anosmia/hyposmia, dysgeusia, ataxia, and seizures. According to the latest published studies, attention must be paid to isolated initial neurological events.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document