scholarly journals The Demographic Risk Factors for Brucellosis in Asia

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Sumi Singh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Mixed Type ◽  
One Health ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
True Prevalence ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The One

Brucellosis is also known as Undulant fever, Malta fever, rock fever, intermittent fever, Gibraltar fever, contagious abortion, Maltese fever, Crimean fever, or even Mediterranean fever. Clinical manifestations commonly encountered are fever and arthralgia. It has veterinary importance making it the leading cause of abortion and infertility in animals. Countries in which mixed agriculture is still the leading occupation have reported this disease in high number. The disease is common in areas where the mixed type of farming is still practiced, it is a type of farming where owners cohabit with their animals in the shed during the nighttime. The incidence of the disease is reported more in humans who have direct contact with the animal’s abortus fetus and reproductive secretions. A favorable environment is created for transmission when the healthy and infected animals are kept together free and are difficult to segregate. Diagnosis of the disease is done by isolation of the bacteria from the sample using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The disease was claimed to be eradicated but now as the global trend of infectious diseases is constantly changing it now appears to be a re-emergent disease. The best way to prevent the spread of the infection is through the One Health approach. Although brucellosis has been widely reported in animals and humans only a few studies have addressed the true prevalence of the disease in the context of Asia which is quite a challenge. It is unable to provide the true context of the disease. The case burden is more prevalent in the developing countries where it is found to be endemic in animals as well as in humans. Thus, this paper highlights the risk factors commonly found in Asian countries that are associated with increased prevalence of infection in humans which has now been believed to be involved many generations across the globe. Countries in which mixed agriculture is still the leading occupation have reported this disease in high number. The disease is common in areas where the mixed type of farming is still practiced, it is a type of farming where owners cohabit with their animals in the shed during the nighttime. The incidence of the disease is reported more in humans who have direct contact with the animal’s abortus fetus and reproductive secretions. A favorable environment is created for transmission when the healthy and infected animals are kept together free and are difficult to segregate. Diagnosis of the disease is done by isolation of the bacteria from the sample using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The disease was claimed to be eradicated but now as the global trend of infectious diseases is constantly changing it appears to be a re-emergent disease. The best way to prevent the spread of the infection is through the One Health approach. Although brucellosis has been widely reported in animals and humans only a few studies have addressed the true prevalence of the disease in the context of Asia which is quite a challenge. It is unable to provide the true context of the disease. The case burden is more prevalent in the developing countries where it is found to be endemic in animals as well as in humans. Thus, this paper highlights the risk factors commonly found in Asian countries that are associated with increased prevalence of infection in humans which has now been believed to be involved many generations across the globe.

Leptospirosis prevalence and risk factors in India: Evidence gap maps

2021 ◽  
pp. 004947552110052
Author(s):  
Sandeep Moola ◽  
Deepti Beri ◽  
Abdul Salam ◽  
Jagnoor Jagnoor ◽  
Arun Teja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
One Health ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Disease Condition ◽  
Extraction Parameters ◽  
The One

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of public health importance in India. A country-level evidence gap map was developed to identify gaps on epidemiology of leptospirosis. It is the first such on leptospirosis globally and on any single disease condition in India. The steps for development of evidence gap map were development of a framework to map evidence, retrieval of evidence, data extraction parameters and mapping of available evidence in evidence gap map framework. The prevalence evidence gap map consisted of 157 studies (102 in humans, 55 in animals, and 12 in both). The evidence gap map on risk factors had 120 studies (102 in humans, 11 in animals and 7 in both). There were inter-state differences in availability of research and disparity between animal and human research. Research on high-risk groups was limited and studies did not use the One Health approach to identify epidemiology, which can help understand the issue more comprehensively. The study demonstrates the potential of evidence gap maps to inform research priorities.

scholarly journals COVID-19, A New Outlook on Pandemic Symptoms and Diagnostic Approach

2022 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Fernanda Calderón Hernádez ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Effective Diagnosis ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: The main objective of this research is to learn the symptoms that occur in this pathology, since we are currently still fighting COVID-19, because of this, it is important to keep us informed about the different diagnostic methods available, which help us reach an earlier and more effective diagnosis. Various articles have been compiled to identify as soon as possible the active cases and thus reduce the number of infections. Materials and methods: This research was conducted on the basis of scientific articles and books, related to COVID-19. Methods: This research was conducted based on 15 scientific articles and 3 books, related to COVID-19. Results: The most important risk factors are diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, age and sex. The most common symptoms in Latin America are dry cough, fatigue, sore throat, and fever. The preferred diagnostic test for COVID-19 is the polymerase chain reaction for its specificity and sensitivity Conclusions: As a conclusion, the main objective of the research was achieved, which is to inform the reader about the most relevant symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 in order to improve the identification of suspected cases. Furthermore, we compare various diagnostic methods that exist to date and determine that PCR is the most specific and sensitive.

scholarly journals Longest reported case of symptomatic COVID-19 reporting positive for over 230 days in an immunocompromised patient in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 2050313X2110400
Author(s):  
Bilal Chaudhry ◽  
Lidiya Didenko ◽  
Maaria Chaudhry ◽  
Andrew Malek ◽  
Kirill Alekseyev
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Immunocompromised Patient ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia was first noted in Wuhan, China. Since the start of the pandemic, there have been millions of cases diagnosed. The average time from onset of symptoms to testing negative SARS-CoV-2 via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction is roughly 25 days. In patients who continually test positive for COVID-19, it is essential to determine precisely which risk factors contribute to the increase in viral shedding duration. We present a case about a 62-year-old man who has persistently tested positive for COVID-19 for more than 230 days. We followed his treatment course, in which he had been hospitalized multiple times since the onset of symptoms back in April 2020. We have determined that patients with immunosuppression, especially those taking corticosteroids, are at increased risk of prolonged viral shedding. It is essential to continually monitor these immunocompromised patients as they required a greater time period in order to have an appropriate immune response in which antibodies are created.

scholarly journals Polymerase Chain Reaction-And Rna Hybridization-Based Method for the Investigation of Deep-Seated Candidiasis

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R Couroux ◽  
Zafar Hussain ◽  
Frank Rutledge ◽  
Robert Lannigan ◽  
Edward D Ralph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Invasive Candidiasis ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Hybridization Method ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and RNA hybridization method for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis and to compare its sensitivity with blood cultures.DESIGN: Blood cultures and a blood sample for PCR were taken from patients with suspected invasive candidiasis. A 105 base pair conserved segment within the rDNA ofCandidaspecies was amplified. The amplicon was detected by hybridization and gel electrophoresis.SETTING: Intensive care units of two tertiary care hospitals.PATIENTS: One hundred and eighteen patients 16 years of age or older with four more risk factors for invasive candidiasis were enrolled. Present or recent past treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics, cancer chemotherapy, immunosuppressive drugs, granulocytopenia or granulocytosis, intravascular catheterization, tracheal intubation, recent abdominal surgery and parenteral nutrition were considered risk factors.RESULTS: Forty-three patients had invasive candidiasis. PCR detected infections in 28 and 26 patients (sensitivity 65.1% and 60.4%) by hybridization and gel electrophoresis, respectively. The sensitivity of blood cultures was 58.1%. Of 25 patients with positive blood cultures, 17 were positive by PCR with the hybridization method. Eleven patients with invasive candidiasis had negative blood cultures but were positive by PCR.CONCLUSION: PCR, especially with a hybridization detection method, is more sensitive than blood culture for invasive candidiasis and may facilitate the diagnosis of nonfungemic disease.

Sexually transmissible infections among female sex workers in Manado, Indonesia, using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based reverse line blot assay

Sexual Health ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferra O. Mawu ◽  
Stephen C. Davies ◽  
Michelle McKechnie ◽  
Endang R. Sedyaningsih ◽  
Asti Widihastuti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Sexually Transmissible Infections ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Background: Sexually transmissible infections (STIs) remain highly prevalent, and HIV is increasing, among female sex workers (FSWs) in Indonesia. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, STIs among FSWs in Manado, Indonesia. Methods: We recruited FSWs mainly at their workplace: they completed a questionnaire and provided a urine sample and self-collected vaginal swab. Samples were tested using multiplex polymerase chain reaction, followed by reverse line blot hybridisation. Results: We recruited 221 FSWs, (median age: 25 years). During the previous 3 months, 30% reported never using condoms; only 2.7% always used condoms. Of 217 women with urine samples, 49% had a ‘curable STI’: 10.6% with gonorrhoea, 26.7% with chlamydia, 12.4% with Mycoplasma genitalium and 22.6% with trichomoniasis. Independent risk factors for gonorrhoea were: domiciled outside North Sulawesi (P = 0.001) and age 16–25 years (P = 0.02); for chlamydia: no prior history of STI symptoms (P = 0.003) and age 16–25 years (P = 0.02); for Mycoplasma genitalium: number of clients on last day of sex work (P = 0.004); for trichomoniasis: number of clients per week (P = 0.04). When these four infections were grouped as any ‘curable STI’, independent associations were: number of clients on the last day of sex work (P = 0.001), age 16–25 years (P = 0.02) and sex working for fewer than 2 years (P = 0.03). Conclusions: This is the first report of M. genitalium infection in Indonesia. The high prevalence of STIs and low condom use among these FSWs suggest their vulnerability to the HIV epidemic in Indonesia. They need enhanced interventions, including outreach screening, and periodic presumptive treatment.

scholarly journals A Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Smoking Predicts All-Cause Mortality

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan M. Andersen ◽  
Philip T. Ryan ◽  
Fredrick X. Gibbons ◽  
Ronald L. Simons ◽  
Jeffrey D. Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Clinical Risk Factors ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Clinical Risk ◽  
Epigenetic Biomarkers ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Impact

Objectives.—Determine whether an epigenetic assay for smoking predicts all-cause mortality in adults participating in a longitudinal study of Iowa adoptees. Background.—Improved biomarkers for smoking are needed given its large public health impact and significant limitations of both self-report and current biomarkers, such as cotinine in detecting smoking. In the past 5 years, multiple epigenome-wide association studies of smoking have identified loci suitable for translation as epigenetic biomarkers for smoking, in particular the CpG cg05575921. Digital polymerase chain reaction methods hold promise for the development of this and other epigenetic biomarkers. Methods.—Participants in the Iowa Adoption Studies were interviewed regarding their smoking habits. DNA was prepared from whole blood and bisulfite-converted for methylation analysis and digital droplet polymerase chain reaction assay of methylation at cg05575921 was performed. National Death Index records were requested for 584 study participants, resulting in 24 complete matches, 210 partial matches and 350 non-matching records. Complete matches were coded as deceased while the remainder were coded as alive (ie, censored). In total, methylation data and vital status information were available for a total of N = 193 subjects, including 15 deceased and 178 non-deceased. Cox regression was used to examine the ability of cg05575921 methylation as a continuous value to predict the timing of mortality with and without the inclusion of age, sex, race, BMI, marital status, educational status, socioeconomic status, cardiovascular risk factors, and a history of cancer as covariates. Results.—Methylation at cg05575921 predicted the hazard of mortality as the sole predictor and after accounting for major demographic and clinical risk factors. The fitted model showed the hazard ratio increased by 3.5% for every 1% decrease in methylation. Conclusions.—Decreased methylation at cg05575921, an emerging epigenetic biomarker for smoking, was associated with early mortality in a longitudinal study of adults after accounting for the impact of major demographic and clinical risk factors for all-cause mortality. This approach may be useful in clinical research or actuarial assessments.

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