scholarly journals Evaluation of Phytochemical, Antimicrobial Activities and Toxicological Analysis of Scent Leaf (Ocimum gratissimum L.) Leaf Extracts

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
M. Umar ◽  
C. P. Nkemelu ◽  
M. R. Sagir ◽  
S. Y. Mohammed ◽  
G. K. Ajiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
In Vivo Toxicity ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum

Aim: The phytochemical screening, antibacterial activities and in vivo toxicity of extracts of the leaves of scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum L.) were investigated. Methods: All the analyses were carried out using standard scientific procedures using Soxhlet extraction, well-diffusion agar antimicrobial testing and in vivo acute toxicity testing. Results: The phytochemical analysis according to standard screening tests using conventional protocols revealed the presence of anthraquinone, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and alkaloids, which were detected in methanol extract analyzed. But, flavonoids, glycosides, phlobatannins and steroids were not detected in the methanol extracts analyzed. While only flavonoids were detected in chloroform extract. All other phytochemicals were absent. The extract fractions generally exhibited slight antibacterial activities on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella Typhi and Escherichia coli. But, the extracts showed no effect against Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration of O. gratissimum was determined with S. aureus and B. cereus recording MICs at the lowest concentration (12.5 mg/mL) of the methanol and chloroform extracts used. While methanol and chloroform extracts were found to have recorded moderate activity S. Typhi and E. coli at the MIC of 50mg/mL. The methanol and chloroform extract recorded MBC of 50 mg/mL on B. subtilis and S. Typhi. However, Salmonella Typhi was inhibited at the concentration of 100 mg/mL of chloroform scent leaf extract. The MICs of C. albicans were not determined in the methanol and chloroform scent leaf extracts analyzed. The in vivo toxicity of O. gratissimum extracts against albino rats revealed that the plant extracts were found to exhibit mild toxicity at higher doses, but the overall remark showed that the plant extract was safe at various concentrations. Conclusions: The plant can be used in the treatment of various diseases caused by the test microbes, and the plant has less toxicity when administered orally.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Sonchus Oleraceus l (Leaves) Extracts

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Hatim MY Hamadnalla ◽  
◽  
Mahdi Abd Elmageed Mohammed ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Sonchus Oleraceus

The objective of this study to examine phytochemical analysis of sonchus oleraceus l, (asteraceae) (moliata) extracts which were extracted by four solvents, petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and distill water and to assess their potential antibacterial against four standard bacteria gram-positive and gramnegative (bacillus subtilis staphylococcus aureu, salmonella typhi, and pscudomona aeruginosa) and antioxidant activities. (moliata) extracts using cold maceration method to extract sonchus oleraceus l, (asteraceae) locally known as (moliata) extracts, where dpph assay and paper disc diffusion assay were employed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities respectively. The results showed that tannins, triterpenes, a sterols, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides compounds were present in the sonchus oleraceus l, (asteraceae) lives (moliata) extracts. The methanol extract of leaves showed high antioxidant potential (77± 0.03 % ) and chloroform showed low antioxidant potential activity (4±0.09) compare with propyl gallate as standard (93± 0.010 %) against dpph. Chloroform extract was effective and give moderate zone of inhibition against staphylococcus aureus. Methanol extract was effective and showed moderate zone of inhibition against staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, salmonella typhi and pseudomonas aeruginosa.

scholarly journals Screening of Antibacterial, Thrombolytic, Membrane Stabilizing, Anti-inflammatory and Antitumor Activity of Citrus assamensis Leaf Extracts

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-210
Author(s):  
M. Shahriar ◽  
M. A. Bhuiyan ◽  
M. S. Rana
Keyword(s):  
Antitumor Activity ◽  
Antitumor Agents ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Haemolytic Activity ◽  
Hypotonic Solution ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Thrombolytic Activity ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The methanol, ethanol and chlorofom leaf extracts of Satkara, Citrus assamensis (family: Rutaceae), were subjected to in vitro anti-bacterial, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing and in vivo anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity tests. The chloroform extract of C. assamensis showed the most important spectrum of activity against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Sarcina lutea among 6 gram positive and against 11 gram negative bacteria at the concentration of 1000 μg/disc, while the range of zones of inhibition were within 7-16 mm. Among the tested three extracts CHCl3 extract showed potent thrombolytic activity and hypotonic solution induced haemolytic activity where the percentages of inhibition were found to be 35% and 55% respectively. All the extracts established significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory effect by regulating biphasic inflammatory process induced by carrageenan. The leaf extract dose-dependently and significantly decreases the number of EAC cell count and inhibition of cell growth in comparison to the EAC control and standard. The results obtained in the present study indicate that, C. assamensis leaf can be a potential source of anti-bacterial, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, anti-inflammatory and antitumor agents.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic activity of Ocimum gratissimum and Cymbopogon citratus leaf extracts against Haemonchus placei adult worm

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Segun A. Aderibigbe ◽  
Sunday O. Idowu
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum ◽  
Parasitic Helminths ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Haemonchus Placei

Medicinal plants are promising, as source of alternative solution to the problem of parasitic helminth infections that hamper the sustainable supply of products from farm animals. Ocimum gratissimum and Cymbopogon citratus leaves are commonly used internally to treat worms, relieve abdominal pains and stomach ache. This study, therefore, evaluated their leaf extracts for anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus placei worm from cattle; the most active extract being subjected to phytochemical analysis. The extracts, obtained by maceration using acetone, were evaluated for anthelmintic activity by exposing adult H. placei to a range of concentrations (5-60 mg/mL) for 3 hours and then counting the number of confirmed dead worms. Anthelmintic activity data were fitted to a non-linear regression equation (Log [extract] vs. response; variable slope) to produce best-fit sigmoidal curves from which LC50 values were computed. The best-fit LC50 values, found to be significantly different (alpha < 0.0001), were 17.70 mg/mL and 56.04 mg/mL for C. citratus and O. gratissimum, respectively, suggesting that C. citratus is three times more potent than O. gratissimum. Phytochemical analysis of C. citratus indicated the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, saponins, terpenoids and flavonoids. Cymbopogon citratus could be useful as an anthelmintic phytomedicine against livestock parasitic helminths. Keywords: Anthelmintic; Haemonchus placei; Motility assay; Ocimum gratissimum; Cymbopogon citratus

scholarly journals Cordia americana: Evaluation of in vitro anti-herpes simplex virus activity and in vivo toxicity of leaf extracts

2021 ◽  
pp. 362-368
Author(s):  
Gislaine Franco de Moura- Costa ◽  
Gean Pier Panizzon ◽  
Thalita Zago Oliveira ◽  
Marco Antonio Costa ◽  
João Carlos Palazzo de Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
In Vivo Toxicity ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2 are responsible for causing infections whose symptoms can vary from subclinical to severe manifestations. Cordia americana is a plant used by traditional communities for the treatment of wounds and diarrhoea, as well as infections like flu and syphilis. Scientific evidence has shown that, among other biological activities, the plant possesses antiviral properties; however, the evaluation of the in vivo toxicity of preparations of this plant is still lacking. This study assessed the in vitro anti-HSV-1 and anti-HSV-2 activity of a crude extract (CE) obtained from the leaves of C. americana, as well as its aqueous (FAq) and ethyl-acetate fractions (FAc). In addition, the in vivo toxicity of the FAq was assessed. The sulforhodamine B method was performed to determine the antiviral activity and the in vivo toxicity was evaluated according to Brazilian federal regulations. The CE, FAq, and FAc demonstrated antiviral activity against HSV-1 in vitro, presenting EC50 values of 7.0±1.4, 1.5±0.35, and 7.5±3.8, respectively. The FAq also had activity against HSV-2 with an EC50 of 11.8±1.02. The toxicological study of FAq in animals showed that it had very low toxicity. No death occurred during acute or subchronic experiments, where up to 5000 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg FAq were tested respectively; and there were no signs of toxicity in the subchronic test. The results of this study, in conjunction with further studies, pave the way for a potential topical treatment for skin and mucosal diseases, such as HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF TOKAR SHA AGAINST ENTERIC BACTERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 436-444
Author(s):  
Sabiu Shitu ◽  
M. Attahiru ◽  
F. A. Iliya
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
North West ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Enteric Infections

The antibacterial activity of Tokar sha; a local traditional medication widely used by many people in North-west zone of Nigeria especially Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara against enteric infections were examined against some clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhi) using agar well diffusion method. The pattern of inhibition varied with the tokar sha concentrations and the organisms tested. The tokar sha was more effective on E. coli with a maximum zone of growth inhibition of 25mm at 35mg/ml followed by B. cereus (20mm). However, S. aureus and S. typhi were resistant to tokar sha at all concentrations tested. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were found to be 35mg/ml for both E. coli and B. cereus. The antibacterial activities exhibited by tokar sha in this study could be attributed to the presence of its constituents which signifies the potential of the tokar sha as a therapeutic agent. These findings may justify the ethnomedicinal use of tokar sha as an antibacterial agent against enterobacteria

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL SCREENING OF CALENDULA OFFICINALIS (L) AND CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS (L.) AGAINST PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (06) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
R Tripathi ◽  
◽  
S Jain ◽  
N. D., Herenz ◽  
S Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Catharanthus Roseus ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Petroleum Ether Extract ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Antibacterial Studies

The aim of the present study was to investigate phytochemical and antibacterial potential of Calendula officinals L. and Catharanthus roseus L. G. Don leaves. The leaves of both plants were screened for physico-chemical analysis. Phytochemical screening was carried out to find phytoconstituents and subsequent antibacterial studies of extracts were carried out against the pathogenic bacterial strains Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi using Kirby bauer method. The extract with maximum antibacterial activity was further processed for TLC studies. The results of the present investigation revealed superiority of C. roseus over C. officinalis in terms of ash value. Both plants showed the presence of alkaloids, saponnins, tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and carbohydrates. The antibacterial studies revealed that the petroleum ether extract of C. officinalis has been active against all strains, whereas the same extract of C. roseus showed activity against S. typhi, S. aureus and B. subtilis. Chloroform extract of C. officinalis was active against only two strains i.e. E. coli and B. subtilis. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of both plants were also found to be active against all strains. Studies of TLC analysis revealed that petroleum ether extract of C. officinalis and methanolic extract of C. roseus showed distinct RF values. Further studies are required to separate characterize and screen these components for therapeutic purposes.

scholarly journals Fabrication and application of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine biomaterial-based nanocochleates dry powder inhaler for controlled release resveratrol delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Mali ◽  
P. A. Joshi ◽  
C. Bothiraja ◽  
A. P. Pawar
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Dry Powder Inhaler ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Burst Release ◽  
Dry Powder ◽  
In Vivo Toxicity ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases

Abstract Background Resveratrol, a bioactive phytoconstituent, is used to treat chronic respiratory diseases. However, its clinical application was hampered due to its poor bioavailability. In the present study, controlled release of resveratrol loaded nanocochleate-based dry powder inhaler was investigated to improve its biopharmaceutical properties for pulmonary drug delivery. The in vivo toxicity study was performed in the healthy male albino Wistar rats by intracheal administration. Results Resveratrol loaded nanocochleate-based dry powder inhaler was prepared by lyophilizing the resveratrol loaded dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine sodium and calcium ion-based nanocochleates using mannitol as cryoprotectant. Resveratrol loaded nanocochleates showed a particle size and encapsulation efficiency of 329.18 ± 9.43 nm and 76.35 ± 3.65%, respectively. Resveratrol loaded nanocochleate-based dry powder exhibited a particle size of 102.21 ± 9.83 μm and satisfactory flowability with initial burst release followed by extended release up to 96 h. The in vitro drug deposition pattern using multistage cascade impactor showed 1.28-fold improvement in fine particle dose, and the in vivo toxicity potential by histopathological study in albino rats revealed safety of formulation. Conclusions Resveratrol loaded nanocochleate-based dry powder inhaler could serve as an efficient delivery system for the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Therapeutic Effect of Goya Extra Virgin Olive Oil in Albino Rat Orogastricallly Dosed with Salmonella typhi

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. O. Gabriel ◽  
J. O. Aribisala ◽  
M. K. Oladunmoye ◽  
A. O. Arogunjo ◽  
O. B. Ajayi-Moses
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Natural Antimicrobial ◽  
Immune Modulator

The therapeutic properties of Goya extra virgin olive oil in albino rats orogastrically dosed with Salmonella Typhi were accessed in this study. Both the in- vivo and in- vitro assays were used in assessing the antimicrobial activity of Goya extra virgin olive oil. Thirteen microorganisms including eight bacteria and five fungi were used in the in- vitro bioassay. Comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of olive oil and commercial antibiotics revealed ofloxacin, gentamicin as well as the olive oil to be potent against the test organisms. The in- vivo bioassay were carried out using twenty albino rats randomly assigned into four study groups of five rats per group. The groups orogastricallly dosed with Salmonella typhi revealed that the animals showed depressed activity and weakness such as slow movement, anorexia, falling fur and rough hair coat, light soft faeces, ocular discharge and loss of weight. Following separate treatments of the rats with antibiotic (Ofloxacin) as well as Olive oil, all the characteristic symptoms of the disease decreased with time. The treated animals gained more appetite for food and water as evidenced by an increase in their weight. The average weights gained by the rats treated with Goya extra virgin olive oil were found to be higher than the weights of the untreated animals. Thus, revealing that Goya extra virgin olive oil has an antibacterial effect as does, antibiotics in the treatment of S. typhi induced disease. The control group had a fairly constant colonial count per gram (106cfu/g) of animal faeces which ranged from 1.52 ± 0.01 to 1.70 ± 0.01. There was a sharp decrease in the bacterial colony count of the faeces of the animals treated with antibiotic from 3.22 ± 0.06 to 1.70 ± 0.01 when compared to those fed with olive oil which decreased from 3.00 ± 0.00 to 2.9 ± 0.03. This confirms that the elimination rate of the bacteria in the host is as a result of the antibacterial activity of the olive oil and the antibiotics respectively. Olive oil is a natural antimicrobial and a non- toxic immune modulator, it is an amazing health building supplement which stimulates the immune system to fight against infection. Hence, results from this study have justified the use of olive oil as a natural antimicrobial and a non- toxic immune modulator (since the total phenol content present in Goya extra virgin olive oil was shown to be 14.90). Phenols are the major groups of compounds revealed to contribute to the observed inhibitory effect of olive oil. Also, the result of the mineral analysis of the Goya extra virgin olive oil showed Goya extra virgin olive oil not to have any traces of lead. Presence of lead may lead to poisoning and can cause a number of adverse human health effect. Hence, Olive oil has a significant non- toxic health building supplements which has a therapeutic effect on Salmonella typhi induced infection.

scholarly journals Invitro Antimicrobial Activities of Mitracarpus scaber Against Some Common Bacteria of Aquatic Origin

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Abdullateef Abiodun Ajadi ◽  
Benjamin Emikpe ◽  
Ahmed Akeem
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Mitracarpus Scaber

Some plants have been reported to be of medicinal values and reserve some antimicrobial properties. One of such plants is Mitracarpus scaber and its effect on bacterial growth is evaluated. The study aimed at evaluating the phytochemical analyses and antimicrobial potentials of Mitracarpus scaber against aquatic bacteria including Aeromonas, Bacillus, Vibrio and Staphylococcus Spp. Leaves of Mitracarpus scaber were collected, washed and air dried and phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial investigation of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves were carried out against a panel of bacteria isolated from diseased catfish from various farms. The phytoconstituents detected include saponins, tannins, flavonoids, tarpenoids, steroids, anthraquinones and alkaloids in both aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of M. scaber showed varying degree of antibacterial activities but ethanolic extract showed a higher activity against the pathogens tested. The ethanolic extract had zones of inhibition similar to that of standard antibiotics (enrofloxacin) across all tested microbes.  The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic extract of M. scaber was against Bacillus sp with 10mg/ml while the highest was 85mg/ml against Staphylococcus species. The results of the assays showed promising evidences that M. scaber is a potential antibacterial agent against aquatic microbes.  However, further studies are recommended to fractionate its constituents and determine the in vitro and in vivo anti-microbial activities and the exact mechanism of action of the constituents.

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