In-vitro Anti-bacterial Effects of Jatropha curcas on Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from Presumptive Typhoid Fever Patients in Akure Metropolis, Nigeria

Typhoid fever caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi gained resistance through multidrug-resistant S. typhi strains. One of the reasons behind β-lactam antibiotic resistance is -lactamase. L, D-Transpeptidases is responsible for typhoid fever as it is involved in toxin release that results in typhoid fever in humans. A molecular modeling study of these targeted proteins was carried out by various methods, such as homology modeling, active site prediction, prediction of disease-causing regions, and by analyzing the potential inhibitory activities of curcumin analogs by targeting these proteins to overcome the antibiotic resistance. The five potent drug candidate compounds were identified to be natural ligands that can inhibit those enzymes compared to controls in our research. The binding affinity of both the Go-Y032 and NSC-43319 were found against β-lactamase was −7.8 Kcal/mol in AutoDock, whereas, in SwissDock, the binding energy was −8.15 and −8.04 Kcal/mol, respectively. On the other hand, the Cyclovalone and NSC-43319 had an equal energy of −7.60 Kcal/mol in AutoDock, whereas −7.90 and −8.01 Kcal/mol in SwissDock against L, D-Transpeptidases. After the identification of proteins, the determination of primary and secondary structures, as well as the gene producing area and homology modeling, was accomplished. The screened drug candidates were further evaluated in ADMET, and pharmacological properties along with positive drug-likeness properties were observed for these ligand molecules. However, further in vitro and in vivo experiments are required to validate these in silico data to develop novel therapeutics against antibiotic resistance.

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Molecular Profiling of Class I Integron Gene in MDR Salmonella typhi Isolates

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology ◽

10.22207/jpam.14.3.21 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 1825-1833

Author(s):

Hawraa Natiq Kabroot AL-Fatlawy ◽

Hazim Aziz Naji AL-Hadrawi

Keyword(s):

Typhoid Fever ◽

Positive Result ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Class I ◽

Antibiotics Resistance ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Negative Results ◽

Medical City ◽

Inti Gene

Typhoid fever is a paramount reason for horribleness that more mortal sin “around the sum ages aggregations clinched alongside iraq it initiated by salmonella typhi. Salmonella typhi is diagnosed serologically by the Widal test and confirmed by vitek and using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based amplification of DNA from the bacterial samples of typhoid fever patients. The present study was designed to detect class I integron gene encoding antimicrobial of S. typhi using appropriate primers by PCR. These isolates of this study were collected from postgraduate laboratories (Prepared samples in vitro prepared diagnostics), they were a previous collected from carried out in Al Najaf provenance, throughout those period from July 2018 on March 2019 including 231 cases from blood, stool samples collected from patients suffering from typhoid fever were attended to Al-Sader Medical City and Al-Hakim General Hospital in Al-Najaf province. Biochemically tests and monovalent antisera gave 117 (50.64%) positive result S. typhi isolates and confirmed by Vitek system and PCR which showed positive result 59 (50.42%). Fifty nine isolates of S. typhi, were collected from patients with typhoid fever that distributed to 40/59 (34 %) from blood , 19/59 (15.1%) stool. Molecular detection revealed that most isolates of S. typhi were positive results to (intI) gene 43/59 isolate (the specific primer (intI) gene for S. typhi bacteria was designed in this study by using bioinformatics programs with NCBI website). According to the different diagnostic above, Vitek and PCR method were more sensitivity technique for S. typhi detection among typhoid patients. The results of virulence factors of S.typhi isolates were negative results for gelatinase, hemolysin, protease and capsulated. Multidrug resistance (MDR) of S. typhi isolates were represented by 18 antibiotics resistance to class and sub class of antibiotic. All S. typhi isolates appeared high resistance 100% to Aztreonam (AZM15), Nitrofurantion (F), Amoxicillin/clavulanicacid (AMC30), (PY25), Clarithromycin (CLR), Cefoxitin (FOX30), Penecillin(P10), Cefotaxime (CTX30), ampicillin (AMP), Meropenem (MEM), Tetracycline(TE30). Also resistance of isolates that revealed 91% to Impinem (IP ), 88% Ampicillin (AM10), 85%Amoxillin (AX), 81% Gentamicin (CN10), 80% Chloramphenicol (C30), 74% Cefpirome (CPR) and 68% Carbenicillin (CB).

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In-vivo Anti-plasmodial Activity of Ethanol Tetracarpidium conophorum Seed Extract and Its Anti-typhoidal Activity In-vitro

International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health ◽

10.9734/ijtdh/2021/v42i1930541 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 35-42

Author(s):

Faith Temiloluwa Oladipo ◽

Ebenezer Oluyemi Dada

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Group 2

Aim: This study was conducted to assess the in-vivo anti-plasmodial activity of ethanol Tetracarpidium conophorum seed extract and its anti-typhoidal activity in-vitro. Study Design: Experimental study. Methodology: Standard methods were conducted to determine the acute toxicity test of Tetracarpidium conophorum seed ethanol extract, determination of Body Weight and Temperature of Mice, determination of antibacterial activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum seed crude extract and antibiotic sensitivity testing of clinical and typed Salmonella Typhi isolates Results: There were no signs of toxicity such as paw licking, sleeping, reduced activity, respiratory distress observed in mice and there were no mortality. Changes occurred in the weight of mice in group 1 (mice treated with 200mg/kg) from 19.71g to 14.50g wherein significant increment was observed only from day 3 to 4 (18.67g to 16.00g), group 2 (mice treated with 400mg/kg) 19.71g to 16.00g). The ethanol extract of Tetracapidium conophorum were all resistant to typed isolates of Salmonella typhimurium and clinical isolates of Salmonella typhimurium at 6.01±0.10 mm. Ciprofloxacin (5 µg) had the highest zone of inhibition at 32.50±2.50 mm against typed Salmonella typhimurium while tetracycline (30 µg) had the least at 15.50±0.50 mm. Conclusion: This study has revealed the anti-plasmodial efficacy of Tetracarpidium conophorum seed. Findings have shown that the ethanol seed extract of T. conophorum relatively possess anti-plasmodial and anti-typhodial activities compared to the positive antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella typhi. Auxiliary evaluation must be conducted to establish the anti-typhoidal activity of ethanol T. conophorum extract in-vivo.

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In vitro efficacy of five commercially available herbal preparations used in the treatment of typhoid fever in Bamenda Municipality, Cameroon

International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences ◽

10.4314/ijbcs.v13i7.18 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 3193-3201

Author(s):

Flore Nguemaim Ngoufo ◽

Gerald Ngo Teke ◽

Amslem Che ◽

Henri Lucien Fouamno Kamga

Keyword(s):

Typhoid Fever ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Health Concern ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Herbal Preparations ◽

Growth Inhibition Zone ◽

The Difference ◽

Bacterial Growth Inhibition

Typhoid fever is an infectious disease that has been a public health concern for millennia. The use of herbal preparations is getting popularity, with an estimated 80% of the world’s population still depending on it for the management of various diseases including typhoid fever. However, data concerning their quality, safety and efficacy is not readily available. Our aim was to determine the in vitro efficacy of some commercially available herbal preparations used in the treatment of typhoid fever in Bamenda Municipality. Five herbal preparations indicated for the treatment of typhoid fever (coded P1 to P5) were bought from various outlets of the herbal producers and serial dilutions made and screened for their activities against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi using the agar well diffusion and dilution methods. The bacterial growth inhibition zone diameters of the herbal preparations were measured with a transparent ruler and compared with those of some standard antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone). Two of the herbal preparations (P1 & P2) showed inhibition zone diameters against S. Typhi (20 and 14 mm respectively) while the rest (P3, P4 & P5) were inactive. P1 showed minimal activity on S. Paratyphi while the rest of the herbal preparations (P2, P3, P4 and P5) were inactive at all tested concentrations. The difference between the value of the inhibition zone diameters of the herbal preparations and that of the standard antibiotics on both S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi was statistically significant (p<0.05). It was found out that most of the herbal preparations showed no activity against the tested bacterial isolates contrary to their label bogus claims.Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Typhoid fever, Herbal preparations, in vitro, Bamenda-Cameroon.

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Typhi Isolated From a Referral Hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal

Microbiology Insights ◽

10.1177/11786361211056350 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 117863612110563

Author(s):

Saroj Khadka ◽

Basudha Shrestha ◽

Anil Pokhrel ◽

Sachin Khadka ◽

Rajesh Dhoj Joshi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Typhoid Fever ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Large Scale ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

First Line ◽

Disk Diffusion Method

Purpose: The morbidity and mortality due to typhoid fever can be significantly reduced with the use of effective antibiotics. At present, fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins, and azithromycin are widely used to treat typhoid fever. However, changing antibiotic susceptibility among Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi poses a particular challenge to the therapeutic management of enteric fever. The objective of this study was to assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella Typhi isolates. Patients and Methods: A total of 706 blood specimens were collected from febrile patients attending the outpatient department of Kathmandu Model Hospital during June to September, 2018. The antibiotic susceptibility testing for 11 different antibiotics (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, azithromycin, cotrimoxazole, chloramphenicol, and amoxicillin) was performed by disk diffusion method. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and azithromycin were determined by agar dilution method. Mutation at gyrA ser83 associated with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones was determined by PCR-RFLP. Results: Out of 706 blood samples, 6.94% (n = 49) were culture positive for Salmonella enterica (S. Typhi, n = 46). It was revealed that 97.8% S. Typhi isolates were susceptible to conventional first-line antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole), 97.3% to cephalosporins and 95.7% to azithromycin. S. Typhi were either resistant or intermediately susceptible to fluoroquinolones: 97.8% to ciprofloxacin, 91.3% to ofloxacin, and 89.1% to levofloxacin. The MIC of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and azithromycin for S. Typhi ranged from 0.008 to 32, 0.03 to 16, and 2 to 8 μg/mL, respectively. Out of 46 S. Typhi isolates, 44 (95.65%) had gyrA ser83 mutation. Conclusion: Fluoroquinolones have poor activity against Salmonella Typhi. The trends of increasing azithromycin MIC value among S. Typhi might limit its use for the treatment of typhoid fever. Effectiveness of conventional first-line antibiotics in vitro suggests considering their clinical use after large-scale studies.

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ATIVIDADE ANTIMICROBIANA IN VITRO DO LÁTEX DO AVELOZ (Euphorbia tirucalli L.), PINHÃO BRAVO (Jatropha mollissima L.) E PINHÃO ROXO (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) SOBRE MICRORGANISMOS PATOGÊNICOS.

HOLOS - ISSN 1807-1600 ◽

10.15628/holos.2009.339 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 3 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Francisco Angelo Gurgel da Rocha ◽

Leandro Ícaro Santos Dantas

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Listeria Monocytogenes ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Euphorbia Tirucalli ◽

Mueller Hinton ◽

Jatropha Gossypiifolia

Por milênios, o Homem tem explorado a flora como recurso terapêutico. Muitas das espécies medicinais utilizadas possuem fitoquímicos com potencial aplicação no controle do crescimento microbiano. A resistência microbiana crescente representa um sério risco à Saúde Coletiva, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de projetos que visem a prospecção e/ou o desenvolvimento de novas drogas antimicrobianas. Na Caatinga da Região do Seridó do RN são encontradas as plantas medicinais Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill (Pinhão-bravo), a Jatropha gossypiifolia L (Pinhão-roxo) e Euphorbia tirucalli L (Aveloz), pertencentes à Família Euphorbiaceae, na qual estão presentes fitoquímicos antimicrobianos. O presente projeto objetivou caracterizar a ação antibacteriana do látex destas espécies vegetais contra os patógenos Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi e Listeria monocytogenes. Duplicatas de Placas de Petri contendo ágar Mueller-Hinton foram semeadas em superfície com culturas padronizadas de cada microrganismo. Foram perfurados poços de 10 mm de diâmetro nos quais se inoculou 100 µL das diluições dos látex testados. As placas foram incubadas a 35±2oC/24 h. Os halos de inibição quando existentes foram medidos e registrados. L. monocytogenes apresentou a maior sensibilidade ao látex de J. mollissima; S. aureus foi inibido por J. mollissima e J. gossypiifolia, sendo mais sensível no primeiro caso. S. typhi e S. typhimurium apresentaram os maiores halos de inibição (J. gossypiifolia), sendo S. typhi mais sensível ao látex de J. gossypiifolia e S. typhimurium ao de J. mollissima. E. tirucalli não apresentou atividade inibitória. Padrões de sazonalidade parecem influenciar a capacidade inibitória do látex. Recomendamos que sejam efetuados estudos mais detalhados acerca das propriedades antimicrobianas do látex de J. mollissima e J. gossypiifolia. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: atividade antimicrobiana, Jatropha mollissima, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Euphorbia tirucalli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes.

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Antagonistic Activity ofLactobacillusIsolates againstSalmonella typhi In Vitro

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/680605 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Amira Abdel-Daim ◽

Nadia Hassouna ◽

Mohamed Hafez ◽

Mohamed Seif Aldeen Ashor ◽

Mohammad M. Aboulwafa

Keyword(s):

Typhoid Fever ◽

Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Antagonistic Activity ◽

Oxygen Tolerance ◽

Probiotic Potential ◽

Concurrent Use

Background. Enteric fever is a global health problem, and rapidly developing resistance to various drugs makes the situation more alarming. The potential use ofLactobacillusto control typhoid fever represents a promising approach, as it may exert protective actions through various mechanisms.Methods. In this study, the probiotic potential and antagonistic activities of 32Lactobacillusisolates againstSalmonella typhiwere evaluated. The antimicrobial activity of cell free supernatants ofLactobacillusisolates, interference ofLactobacillusisolates with theSalmonellaadherence and invasion, cytoprotective effect ofLactobacillusisolates, and possibility of concurrent use of testedLactobacillusisolates and antibiotics were evaluated by testing their susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents, and their oxygen tolerance was also examined.Results. The results revealed that twelveLactobacillusisolates could protect againstSalmonella typhiinfection through interference with both its growth and its virulence properties, such as adherence, invasion, and cytotoxicity. TheseLactobacillusisolates exhibited MIC values for ciprofloxacin higher than those ofSalmonella typhiand oxygen tolerance and were identified asLactobacillus plantarum.Conclusion. The testedLactobacillus plantarumisolates can be introduced as potential novel candidates that have to be subjected forin vivoand application studies for treatment and control of typhoid fever.

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Antibacterial Activity of Eel (Anguilla spp.) Mucus against Salmonella typhi

The Indonesian Biomedical Journal ◽

10.18585/inabj.v8i3.231 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 179 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tomy Nurtamin ◽

Resty Yulianita Nurman ◽

Indria Hafizah

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Typhoid Fever ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Fish Mucus ◽

Vitro Test

BACKGROUND: Typhoid fever has become one global health problem. Typhoid fever is caused by a Gram-negative bacterium, Salmonella typhi. Eel (Anguilla spp.) is a fish which lives in the sea or in freshwater. Several previous studies have found that Anguilla spp. mucus has the ability as antibacterial against Gram-positive and negative. Although the antibacterial activity of Anguilla spp. against various pathogens had been reported, very little is known about its activity against Salmonella typhi. The aim of this study was to investigate antibacterial activity of Anguilla spp. mucus against Salmonella typhi bacteria.METHODS: Present study was an experimental in vitro test. Antibacterial activity assays were carried out by the disc diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was determined by the clear zone formed around the paper disc and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by observing the lowest concentration which could inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhi.RESULTS: Result of the present study showed that the Anguilla spp. mucus has inhibitory effects against Salmonella typhi. Minimum inhibitory concentration from the Anguilla spp. mucus was 12.5%.CONCLUSION: Anguilla spp. mucus has antibacterial activity against the Salmonella typhi bacteria.KEYWORDS: eel fish mucus, Anguilla spp., antibacterial activity, Salmonella typhi

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Enhanced biofilm and extracellular matrix production by chronic carriage versus acute isolates of Salmonella Typhi

PLoS Pathogens ◽

10.1371/journal.ppat.1009209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. e1009209

Author(s):

Aishwarya Devaraj ◽

Juan F. González ◽

Bradley Eichar ◽

Gatan Thilliez ◽

Robert A. Kingsley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Typhoid Fever ◽

Structural Integrity ◽

Acute Infection ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Integration Host Factor ◽

Extracellular Dna ◽

Matrix Production ◽

Chronic Carriage

Salmonella Typhi is the primary causative agent of typhoid fever; an acute systemic infection that leads to chronic carriage in 3–5% of individuals. Chronic carriers are asymptomatic, difficult to treat and serve as reservoirs for typhoid outbreaks. Understanding the factors that contribute to chronic carriage is key to development of novel therapies to effectively resolve typhoid fever. Herein, although we observed no distinct clustering of chronic carriage isolates via phylogenetic analysis, we demonstrated that chronic isolates were phenotypically distinct from acute infection isolates. Chronic carriage isolates formed significantly thicker biofilms with greater biomass that correlated with significantly higher relative levels of extracellular DNA (eDNA) and DNABII proteins than biofilms formed by acute infection isolates. Importantly, extracellular DNABII proteins include integration host factor (IHF) and histone-like protein (HU) that are critical to the structural integrity of bacterial biofilms. In this study, we demonstrated that the biofilm formed by a chronic carriage isolate in vitro, was susceptible to disruption by a specific antibody against DNABII proteins, a successful first step in the development of a therapeutic to resolve chronic carriage.

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Comparative Study of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Azithromycin and Cefixime against Salmonella Typhi Infection

Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences ◽

10.3126/jmmihs.v6i1.30537 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 67-80

Author(s):

Raj Kumar Thapa ◽

Sagar Shrestha

Keyword(s):

Typhoid Fever ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Therapeutic Option ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

High Concentration ◽

High Prevalence ◽

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity

Correction: The page numbers were changed from 84-97 to 67-80 on 31/08/2020. Introduction: Enteric fever is systemic infection caused by the Salmonella enteric serovars typhi and para typhi A B and C. It is the significant cause of morbidity and mortality. It occurs in all parts of the world where water supplied and sanitation is substandard. Annually, it is estimated that more than 10 million cases and 100000 deaths are caused by typhoid fever. Regarding to the strains, a high prevalence of S. typhi and S. paratyphi. A strains in Nepal that showed resistance against the quinolone nalidixic acid (MIC> 256 mcg/ml with a corresponding decreased susceptibility against fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin (MIC>0.125 mcg/ml. Objectives: The main objective of study was to compare the efficacy of Azithromycin and Cefixime in treatment of typhoid fever. Methodology: The in vitro antibacterial activity of azithromycin and Cefixime against 4 isolated colonies of Salmonella typhi from reference of salmonella typhi ATCC no. 14028 and blood culture isolates from three different hospitals was evaluated by disc diffusion (well) method. 0.25 ppm, 0.5 ppm, 4 ppm, 8 ppm, 32 ppm, 128 ppm concentration of both Azithromycin and Cefixime was used. The zone of inhibition was measured and data was analyzed using Excel. Results: In all isolates of Salmonella typhi, the zone of inhibition shown by both Azithromycin and Cefixime is same at low concentration (0.25ppm, 0.5ppm) but with increasing in concentration there is increase in difference in zone of inhibition shown by them. The zone of inhibition shown by Cefixime is greater in high concentration as compared to zone of inhibition shown by Azithromyci. Conclusion: Our result indicate Cefixime is better than Azithromycin in therapeutic option for enteric fever.

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