scholarly journals Studies on Phytochemical, Nutraceutical Profiles and Potential Medicinal Values of Allium sativum Linn (Lilliaceae) on Bacterial Meningitis

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kokori Bajeh Tijani ◽  
Abdullahi Attah Alfa ◽  
Abdullahi Aminu Sezor
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Neisseria Meningitides

The studies on phytochemical, nutraceutical profiles and potential medicinal values of Allium sativum linn (lilliaceae) on bacterial meningitis were evaluated against bacterial meningitis pathogens. The methods employed in this study were validation of phytochemical screening which was done according to standard methods, determination of nutritional composition was carried out using analytical automated instruments (Atomic Absorption Spectrometers) and evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activities of the extracts against clinical isolates using agar-well diffusion and broth dilution methods. The clinical isolates of meningitis pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli were obtained from Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Shika-Zaria. The collected bulbs of A. sativum (600 g) were washed and air dried under shade for 2 hours and the dry scaly outer covering was peeled-off to obtain the fresh garlic cloves which were then divided into three parts of 200 g each. These three portions were crushed separately for cold extraction. The first portion was homogenized and poured into a muslin cloth to squeeze out the juice, while second and third portions were homogenized and submerged into 500 ml of 96% ethanol and 500 ml of distilled water respectively for 24 hours and both filtered after thorough shaking. The first and second portions were freeze dried, while the third portion was evaporated over water bath at 50°C to obtain the powdered yield. The phytochemical screening of A. sativum extracts (JEAS, EEAS and AEAS) revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, fats & oils, flavonoids, saponins and steroidal terpenoids. The results obtained as nutritional profiles from analytical automated machines analysis showed that A. sativum contained all classes of food nutrients such as carbohydrate, protein, fat and oils, dietary fibres, and vitamins together with zeolite herbominerals (nanopharmacologic effects). JEAS and EEAS extracts were potent in (0.94 ± 0.01 minutes), (0.99±0.04) and antibacterial activities while and AEAS (1.20±0.04) showed low activity, inhibiting the clinical bacterial isolates Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli with diameter of zone of inhibition ranging from 15-36 mm at concentrations of 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/ml. It produced significant (p<0.05) antibacterial activity while EEAS and AEAS showed low activities, except Klebsiella pneumoniae which was resistant to the three extracts concentrations used. The extracts inhibited the growth of the bacterial isolates in a concentration dependent manner with MICs ranging between 0.04-1.56 mg/ml while MBCs was 0.10-2.50 mg/ml respectively the findings from this study could be of interest and suggest the need for further investigations with a view to use the plant in novel drug development for BM therapy. The outcome of this study could therefore justify the ethnomedical and folkloric usage of A. sativum to treat bacterial meningitis locally.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from cerebrospinal fluid among children with bacterial meningitis in China from 2016 to 2018: A multicenter retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoshan Peng ◽  
Qingxiong Zhu ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Mei Zeng ◽  
Yue Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Esbl Production ◽  
Multicenter Survey

Abstract Background: Pediatric bacterial meningitis (PBM) remains a devastating disease that causes substantial neurological morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, there are few large-scale studies on the pathogens causing PBM and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns in China. The present multicenter survey summarized the features of the etiological agents of PBM and characterized their AMR patterns.Methods: Patients diagnosed with PBM were enrolled retrospectively at 13 children’s hospitals in China from 2016 to 2018 and were screened based on a review of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) microbiology results. Demographic characteristics, the causative organisms and their AMR patterns were systematically analyzed.Results: Overall, 1193 CSF bacterial isolates from 1142 patients with PBM were obtained. The three leading pathogens causing PBM were Staphylococcus epidermidis (16.5%), Escherichia coli (12.4%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.6%). In infants under 3 months of age, the top 3 pathogens were Escherichia coli (116/523; 22.2%), Enterococcus faecium (75/523; 14.3%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (57/523; 10.9%). However, in children more than 3 months of age, the top 3 pathogens were Staphylococcus epidermidis (140/670; 20.9%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (117/670; 17.5%), and Staphylococcus hominis (57/670; 8.5%). More than 93.0% of Escherichia coli isolates were sensitive to cefoxitin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoperazone/sulbactam, amikacin and carbapenems, and the resistance rates to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and ceftazidime were 49.4%, 49.2% and 26.4%, respectively. From 2016 to 2018, the proportion of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates (MRCoNS) declined from 80.5% to 72.3%, and the frequency of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP) isolates increased from 75.0% to 87.5%. The proportion of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli fluctuated between 44.4% and 49.2%, and the detection rate of ESBL production in Klebsiella pneumoniae ranged from 55.6% to 88.9%. The resistance of Escherichia coli strains to carbapenems was 5.0%, but the overall prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) was high (54.5%).Conclusions: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the predominant pathogens causing PBM in Chinese patients. The distribution of PBM causative organisms varied by age. The resistance of CoNS to methicillin and the high incidence of ESBL production among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were concerning. CRKP poses a critical challenge for the treatment of PBM.

scholarly journals Изменение С - реактивного белка в сыворотке крови при коронавирусной и бактериальной пневмонии

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
А.А. Елеукина ◽  
А.Н Коржумбаев . ◽  
А.Р. Акшалов ◽  
К.Е. Капезов ◽  
Абдихалилов
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Chlamydophila Pneumoniae ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein

Внебольничные пневмонии (ВП) представляют серьезную проблему инфекционной патологии человека и являются одной из ведущих причин смерти от инфекционных болезней. По данным ВОЗ, инфекции нижних дыхательных путей занимают 3-е место (после инфаркта и инсульта) в мировой статистике летальных исходов 2011 г. Ведущими возбудителями ВП являются Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, бактерии семейства Enterobacteriaceae – Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli и др., Staphylococcus aureus. К известным атипичным бактериальным возбудителям ВП относятся такие микроорганизмы, как Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydophila psittaci и Coxiella burnetii. Возбудителями ВП могут быть и респираторные вирусы, наиболее часто – вирусы гриппа, коронавирусы, риносинцитиальный вирус (РС-вирус), метапневмовирус и бокавирус человека. При ВП может иметь место ко-инфекция двумя и более возбудителями, вызванная как ассоциацией различных бактериальных возбудителей, так и их сочетанием с респираторными вирусами. Частота встречаемости ВП, вызванной ассоциацией возбудителей, варьирует от 3 до 40 % Пандемия новой коронавирусной инфекции сопровождается высоким уровнем заболеваемости ВП, с большой долей осложненных и затяжных случаев. Известно, что вирусы вызывают нарушения работы иммунной системы, что делает людей более восприимчивыми к другим патогенам. G. Zahariadis et al. в 2006 г., основываясь на результатах серологических исследований пациентов, перенесших ОРВИ, выявили случаи острой или недавней инфекции C. pneumoniae (30 %) или M. pneumoniae (9 %). Многоцентровое ретроспективное когортное исследование пациентов с тяжелым течением Ближневосточного респираторного синдрома, вызванного коронавирусом (БВРС-КоВ), показало, что 18 и 5 % имели бактериальные и вирусные коинфекции соответственно. Предыдущие исследования показали, что коронавирус наносит серьезный удар по иммунной системе человека. Например, одним из наиболее распространенных симптомов у пациентов с COVID-19 является временное или стойкое снижение уровня лимфоцитов в крови. Разрушение иммунных клеток вирусом SARS-CoV-2 делает пациентов уязвимыми к вторичным бактериальным инфекциям. Пневмония у пациентов с COVID-19 отличается от SARS-CoV-2- негативной внебольничной пневмонии. При тяжѐлом течении COVID-19 несомненна роль в альтерации органов и тканей синдрома активации макрофагов (вторичного гемофагоцитарного лимфогистиоцитоза) и нерегулируемого выброса цитокинов и хемокинов (цитокиновый шторм) с нарушением продукции интерлейкинов, функции Тлимфоцитов, с истощением клеточного иммунного ответа и лимфопенией. Не исключается также развитие вирусиндуцированных аутоиммунных реакций. Системное поражение вирусом и цитокиновым штормом эндотелия (микроангиопатия с его повреждением, реже эндотелиит и васкулит) и активация каскада коагуляции при COVID-19 вызывают гиперкоагуляционный синдром c тромбозами и тромбоэмболиями. Также отмечаются одновременное поражение других органов, которое становится непосредственной причиной смерти, а также сепсис и септический шок при присоединении бактериальной. Одним из ярких маркеров наличия и тяжести воспалительной реакции в организме при COVID-19 является С-реактивный белок (СРБ, CRP – от англ. C-reactive protein). До настоящего времени в большинстве публикаций он рассматривался, в первую очередь, как маркер присоединения бактериальной инфекции, требующей применения антибиотиков, что по уровню СРБ можно было дифференцировать вирусную и бактериальную этиологию пневмонии. Иммунологические исследования показали, что при проникновении вируса SARS-CoV-2 в организм запускается иммунный ответ для борьбы с этим патогеном, что также приводит к повышению уровня СРБ. Концентрация в крови достоверно повышается более популяционно значимого уровня (5 мг/л) уже в течение первых 4–6 ч от момента альтерации, достигая максимума в течение 48 ч (24–72 ч – в зависимости от тяжести патологического процесса). Более того, известно, что она удваивается каждые первые 8 ч, достигая максимума через 36–50 ч, а на фоне тяжелого генерализованного системного воспаления может возрастать в короткое время в 100 и более раз.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Superpolymyxin and ChromID Colistin R Screening Media for the Detection of Colistin-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae from Spiked Rectal Swabs

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Girlich ◽  
Thierry Naas ◽  
Laurent Dortet
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rectal Swabs ◽  
Stool Samples

ABSTRACT The dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) has led to the increased use of colistin, which has resulted in the emergence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae worldwide. One of the most threatening scenarios is the dissemination of colistin resistance in CPE, particularly the plasmid-encoded resistance element MCR. Thus, it has now become mandatory to possess reliable media to screen for colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacterial isolates, especially Enterobacteriaceae. In this study, we evaluated the performances of the Superpolymyxin medium (ELITechGroup) and the ChromID Colistin R medium (bioMérieux) to screen for colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from spiked rectal swabs. Stool samples were spiked with a total of 94 enterobacterial isolates (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, Enterobacter cloacae), including 53 colistin-resistant isolates. ESwabs (Copan Diagnostics) were then inoculated with those spiked fecal suspensions, and culture proceeded as recommended by both manufacturers. The sensitivity of detection of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was 86.8% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 74.0% to 94.0%) using both the Superpolymyxin medium and the ChromID Colistin R plates. Surprisingly, the isolates that were not detected were not the same for both media. The specificities were high for both media, at 97.9% (95% CI = 87.3% to 99.9%) for the Superpolymyxin medium and 100% (95% CI = 90.4% to 100%) for the ChromID Colistin R medium. Both commercially available media, ChromID Colistin R and Superpolymyxin, provide useful tools to screen for colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from patient samples (rectal swabs) regardless of the level and mechanism of colistin resistance.

Một số đặc điểm kháng kháng sinh nhóm Beta-lactam của vi khuẩn tại Bệnh viện Đa khoa Quốc tế Hải Phòng, năm 2018 - 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Nguyễn Thị Thu Phương ◽  
Trần Thị Ngân ◽  
Ngô Thị Quỳnh Mai
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Beta Lactam

Nghiên cứu đã tiến hành phân tích kết quả xét nghiệm của 4722 mẫu bệnh phẩm vi sinh tại bệnh viện Đa khoa Quốc tế Hải Phòng từ năm 2018 đến năm 2020 nhằm mô tả một số đặc điểm kháng kháng sinh nhóm beta-lactam của một số vi khuẩn điển hình. Qua phân tích nhóm nghiên cứu thấy các vi khuẩn chủ yếu phân lập được là Escherichia coli (26,2%), Staphylococcus aureus (12,5%), và Haemophilus influenzae (8,6%). Vi khuẩn Escherichia coli kháng kháng sinh nhóm Beta-lactam với tỷ lệ khá cao (từ 1% (Imipenem) đến 29% (cefuroxime)). Tuy nhiên, vi khuẩn Streptococcus pneumoniae còn nhạy cảm với nhóm kháng sinh này với tỷ lệ kháng là 0%. Cefuroxime là kháng sinh có tỷ lệ bị kháng cao nhất với 42,7%. Các chủngvi khuẩn tại bệnh viện còn khá nhạy cảm với các kháng sinh thuộc nhóm carbapenem với tỷ lệ kháng thấp. Trong đó vi khuẩn là Acinetobacter baumannii và Pseudomonas aeruginosa có tỉ lệ kháng kháng sinh nhóm này từ 4,2% đến 5,2%. Kết quả nghiên cứu đã cung cấp dữ liệu về tính đề kháng kháng sinh betalactam của các vi khuẩn điển hình tại bệnh viện nhằm hỗ trợ các bác sĩ trong việc lựa chọn và sử dụng kháng sinh an toàn và hiệu quả

scholarly journals In Vitro Activity of Difloxacin against Canine Bacterial Isolates

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Hoven ◽  
J. A. Wagenaar ◽  
R. D. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Postantibiotic Effect ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
Staphylococcus Intermedius

The in vitro activity of difloxacin against canine bacterial isolates from clinical cases was studied in the United States and The Netherlands. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), the postantibiotic effect, the effect of pH on antimicrobial activity, and the bacterial killing rate tests were determined according to standard techniques. The MICs of American and Dutch isolates agreed in general. The MICs of the American gram-negative isolates ranged from 0.06 to 2.0 μg/ml, and the MICs of the Dutch gram-negative isolates ranged from 0.016 to 8.0 μg/ml. A few European strains of Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae had relatively high MICs. Bordetella bronchiseptica also was less susceptible to difloxacin. The MICs of the American gram-positive cocci ranged from 0.125 to 4.0 μg/ml, and the MICs of Dutch isolates ranged from 0.125 to 2.0 μg/ml. Difloxacin induced a concentration-dependent postantibiotic effect that lasted 0.2–3 hours in cultures with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus canis, Proteus spp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae. There was no postantibiotic effect observed against canine Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Decreasing the pH of the medium increased the MIC of Proteus mirabilis for difloxacin. The MICs of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were lowest at neutral pH and were slightly increased in acid or alkaline media. At a neutral pH, most tested bacterial species were killed at a difloxacin concentration of 4 times the MIC. Similar results were obtained when these same bacteria were tested against enrofloxacin. A Klebsiella pneumoniae strain in an acidic environment was readily killed at difloxacin or enrofloxacin MIC, but at neutral pH the drug concentration had to be raised to 4 times the MIC for a bactericidal effect. After 24 hours of incubation at pH 7.1, difloxacin and enrofloxacin had similar bactericidal activity for all bacteria tested except Staphylococcus intermedius. Against S. intermedius, difloxacin was more bactericidal than enrofloxacin.

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