scholarly journals Physiochemical Properties and Identification of Elite Genotypes for Improved Sorghum Breeding in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel T. Mwenda ◽  
Justin H. Ringo ◽  
Ernest R. Mbega
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Cultivar Development ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Sorghum Breeding ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Endosperm Texture

Variability in physiochemical properties in sorghum is critical in cultivar development for optimum grain quality and crop resistance against fungal and insect pests. These traits are not well studied. The objective of this study was to characterize sorghum genotypes based on kernel phenotypic and biochemical traits and identify promising genotypes for better utilization of these traits in sorghum breeding. 98 sorghum genotypes comprised by the released varieties, breeding lines, hybrids and local cultivars were studied using qualitative and quantitative parameters. 75.51% of these genotypes have thick pericarp, 33.67% have testa layer, and 7.0% showed mostly-corneous endosperm texture. Results revealed a wide variability among studied genotypes in terms of phenotypic and biochemical properties (p<0.001). A cross IES11038 X A1GD 34553 recorded the highest 100 seed weight (6.2g). Pato and IESV 92174DL were the hardest genotypes with 110.33 and 108.4N respectively. Protein content ranged from 6.52 to 12.23%, of which Naco Mtama 1 and IESV 24030SH were the promising genotypes. Genotypes ICSA 88006 x IESV92172DL, ICSA15 x R8602 and GADAM recorded the highest starch concentration (79 g/100g). The identified elite genotypes could enable selection and hybridization of useful traits.

Genetic diversity in sorghum mini-core and elite rainy and post-rainy genotypes of India

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Kuyyamudi Nanaiah Ganapathy ◽  
Sujay Rakshit ◽  
Sunil Shriram Gomashe ◽  
Suri Audilakshmi ◽  
Krishna Hariprasanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Germplasm Accessions ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Nei's Genetic Distance

Knowledge on genetic diversity is necessary to determine the relationships among the genotypes, which allow the selection of individual accessions for crop breeding programmes. The present study aimed at assessing the extent and pattern of genetic diversity within a set of 251 sorghum genotypes using SSR markers. A total of 393 alleles were detected from the 251 genotypes, with the number of alleles ranging from 2 (Xcup11) to 24 (Sb5-206) and an average of 10.07 alleles per primer pair. Pairwise Wright's FST statistic and Nei's genetic distance estimates revealed that the race and geographical origin were responsible for the pattern of diversity and structure in the genetic materials. In addition, the analysis also revealed high genetic differentiation between the rainy and post-rainy sorghum groups. Narrow diversity was observed among the different working groups in the rainy (restorers and varieties) and post-rainy (varieties and advanced breeding lines) sorghum groups. Neighbour-joining and STRUCTURE analysis also classified 44 elite lines broadly into two distinct groups (rainy and post-rainy). However, limited diversity within the rainy and post-rainy sorghum groups warranted an urgent need for the utilization of diverse germplasm accessions for broadening the genetic base of the Indian breeding programme. The diverse germplasm accessions identified from the mini-core accessions for utilization in breeding programmes are discussed.

Character association and assessment of yield loss in pigeonpea cultivars infested by pod fly and bruchid

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kiran Gandhi ◽  
Sanjay M. Bandi Kaur ◽  
S. J. Satheesh Naik ◽  
S. J. Satheesh Naik ◽  
S. K. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Biotic Factor ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Seed Damage ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Augmented Design

Field studies were conducted at IIPR, Kanpur, India to estimate the intensity of field infestation on pigeonpea by pod fly and bruchids, and whether or not the phenotypic characters of the pigeonpea related to infestation caused by these insects. A total 32 long duration pigeonpea cultivars and advanced breeding lines were planted in augmented design along with check ‘Bahar’ and evaluated on the basis of exit holes and windows per pod, seed damage (%) by pod fly maggot and bruchid grub, 100 damaged seeds weight and relative resistant rating. Breeding line IPA-92 and a cultivar MA-3 were found to be highly resistant against pod fly, preventing them from crafting exit holes on pods and seed damage (%). Bruchid (C. chinensis and C. maculatus) was vulnerable to make windows on pods damaging the seeds of cultivars viz., IPA-15-1, IPA-15-5, IPA-15-7, IPA-15-10, IPA-15-12, IPA-15-14, MA-3, IPA-92, AZAD, IPA-234, BSMR-736, IPA-13-1 and IPA-37. Correlation studies revealed that pod fly infestation was the major biotic factor, which causes significant seeds damage and yield reduction in pigeonpea cultivars and advanced breeding lines. Those cultivars and breeding lines exhibited resistant reaction on pod fly and bruchids infestation might be used as donors in resistance breeding programme and including in IPM modules against these insect pests.

AFLP-based molecular characterization of Brassica rapa and diversity in Canadian spring turnip rape cultivars

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Warwick ◽  
T. James ◽  
K. C. Falk
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Aflp Data ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Cultivar Development ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Aa Genome

Information on genetic diversity and genetic relationships among taxa of Brassica rapa (n = 10, AA genome) is currently limited. Grown for oil, vegetable and fodder use in Europe and Asia, previous studies have indicated western and eastern groups corresponding to independent centres of origin. This study evaluated patterns and levels of genetic diversity in 93 accessions [includes 25 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) breeding lines (BL)] of B. rapa based on 307 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), testing subspecific separateness and the affiliation of four previously unassigned AA genome species (B. perviridis, B. purpuraria, B. ruvo and B. septiceps). AFLP data revealed three main clusters (I, II, III) corresponding to European (I), Indian (III), and a mixed Asian/European/Indian (II) purported origins of the taxa, with several subclusters observed in I and II. Mean AFLP polymorphism levels for Asian, European, Indian and AAFC-BL accessions were 79, 74, 66 and 62%, respectively. Few of the subspecies formed unique clusters and some, particularly subspecies chinensis and pekinensis, were assigned to several clusters. AFLP-based genetic distance information can be used by breeders to select diverse genotypes for cultivar development and fingerprinting of genotypes/cultivars. For example, a single AFLP primer pair was sufficient to uniquely identify all breeding lines in the AAFC B. rapa breeding programme.

scholarly journals Creation and study of raw material for grain sorghum breeding

2020 ◽  
Vol 224 ◽  
pp. 04018
Author(s):  
E. A. Vertikova ◽  
V I Zhuzhukin ◽  
V V Pylnev ◽  
L G Kurasova
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Lower Volga Region ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Sorghum Breeding ◽  
Variety Testing

For the arid zone of the Lower Volga region, grain sorghum is an important forage crop. The paper presents the results of a comparative assessment of grain yield and biomass of breeding lines of grain sorghum in the nursery of preliminary variety testing. The volume of the nursery for the preliminary variety testing was 117 breeding lines. The most productive were the breeding lines of grain sorghum, the grain yield of which reached 3.95 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-56); 4.10 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-113); 4.15 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-55); 4.50 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-92) with a yield of 3.75 t / ha of the standard variety Volzhskoe 4. As a result of scientific research, the promising breeding lines of grain sorghum were identified: PSI-17 / EV-56 and PSI-17 / EV-92, which were recommended to be submitted for competitive variety testing. It is advisable to use the breeding line of grain sorghum PSI-17 / EV-54V for early maturity. The breeding lines of grain sorghum: PSI-17 / EV-56 and PSI-17 / EV-90 are planned to be included in crosses to create varieties and hybrids with high grain quality. Breeding lines of grain sorghum: PSI-17 / EV-50, PSI-17 / EV-54, PSI-17 / EV-92 and PSI-17 / EV-127 are planned to be used in breeding for biomass yield.

scholarly journals Pathotypes of Colletotrichum sublineolum in Arkansas

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 1415-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Moore ◽  
M. Ditmore ◽  
D. O. TeBeest
Keyword(s):  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
The State ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Colletotrichum Sublineolum ◽  
Sorghum Anthracnose ◽  
Sorghum Breeding

Sorghum anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum, is widely distributed in most grain sorghum-producing areas in Arkansas, and localized epidemics continue to occur across the state. The objectives of this research were to determine the number of pathotypes of C. sublineolum in Arkansas and to determine where these pathotypes are located within the state. Ninety-eight isolates were collected from research stations and production fields located in the Delta region of Arkansas from 2003 through 2005 and were tested for virulence to eight differential grain sorghum breeding lines. Of these, 11 isolates produced conflicting and unreliable results and were excluded from further analysis. Among the remaining 87 isolates, 13 pathotypes were identified. Eleven of these pathotypes were previously unreported, with 53% of the isolates consisting of pathotype 9. Pathotype 9 was distinguished from all other pathotypes by its virulence to all eight differential lines. Pathotype diversity appeared to be more closely associated with the year than with the locations where isolates were collected. Although all host differential lines were susceptible to at least 50% of the isolates evaluated, inbred lines SC326-6, TAM428, and TX2536 were susceptible to more than 90% of the 87 isolates evaluated. These results showed that the C. sublineolum populations in Arkansas are diverse based on the comparisons of pathogenicity to previously published host differentials, and it appears that these field populations varied from year to year.

scholarly journals Disease and Insect Assessment of Candidate Cultivars for Potential Use in Organic Peanut Production

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Branch ◽  
A. K. Culbreath
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
High Oleic ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract Interest in organic peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production is increasing in the United States. Disease and insect resistant cultivars will be needed to meet the challenge of producing peanuts without conventional pesticides. No-fungicide and no-insecticide field trials were conducted under irrigation four consecutive years (2003–06) at the University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station to evaluate peanut genotypes for pest resistance. The most important foliar peanut diseases in the southeast are tomato spotted wilt (TSW) caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus and both early and late leafspots caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton, respectively. Two of the most important insect pests on peanut are tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds) and potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris). Results from these no-fungicide and no-insecticide field trials showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in pest resistance among advanced Georgia breeding lines and cultivars. Two Georgia cultivars ‘Georgia-01R’ and ‘Georgia-05E’ consistently produced the highest yields and had high levels of resistance to TSW, leafhoppers, and leafspots each year. Georgia-01R is a multiple-pest-resistant, mid-oleic, runner-type cultivar; whereas, Georgia-05E is a multiple-pest-resistant, high-oleic, virginia-type cultivar. Both cultivars should be considered as good candidates for potential use in organic peanut production.

scholarly journals Multi-Spectral Imaging from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Enables the Assessment of Seasonal Leaf Area Dynamics of Sorghum Breeding Lines

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andries B. Potgieter ◽  
Barbara George-Jaeggli ◽  
Scott C. Chapman ◽  
Kenneth Laws ◽  
Luz A. Suárez Cadavid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Spectral Imaging ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Sorghum Breeding

scholarly journals A High Throughput Method for Generating Dihaploids from Tetraploid Potato

2021 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-314
Author(s):  
James S. Busse ◽  
Shelley H. Jansky ◽  
Husain I. Agha ◽  
Cari A. Schmitz Carley ◽  
Laura M. Shannon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Promising Method ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Tetraploid Potato ◽  
Cultivar Development ◽  
High Throughput Method ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThere is a worldwide effort to increase the efficiency of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar development by using inbred diploid breeding lines. This activity is impeded by the cost and effort required to produce dihaploids from cultivated tetraploid potatoes. We developed a high throughput dihaploid production method based on the 60-year-old method of Peloquin and Hougas. Red Norland inflorescences from commercial fields were transferred to greenhouses. As buds developed, pollen from the dihaploid inducer IVP 101 was applied systematically to thousands of stigmas per trial. Berries were harvested 21 days after pollination. Seeds of putative dihaploids lacking a seed spot marker were retained and ploidy was confirmed using flow cytometry. We recovered 23 dihaploids from 21,651 pollinations. This is a promising method for systematically carrying out thousands of pollinations since the cost of field-grown flowers is dramatically less than that of greenhouse-grown flowers.

scholarly journals Expression of a gene for an MLX56 defense protein derived from mulberry latex confers strong resistance against a broad range of insect pests on transgenic tomato lines

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0239958
Author(s):  
Mika Murata ◽  
Kotaro Konno ◽  
Naoya Wasano ◽  
Atsushi Mochizuki ◽  
Ichiro Mitsuhara
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Transgenic Tomato ◽  
Strong Activity ◽  
Common Cutworm ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Wide Range

Insect pests cause serious damage in crop production, and various attempts have been made to produce insect-resistant crops, including the expression of genes for proteins with anti-herbivory activity, such as Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) toxins. However, the number of available genes with sufficient anti-herbivory activity is limited. MLX56 is an anti-herbivory protein isolated from the latex of mulberry plants, and has been shown to have strong growth-suppressing activity against the larvae of a variety of lepidopteran species. As a model of herbivore-resistant plants, we produced transgenic tomato lines expressing the gene for MLX56. The transgenic tomato lines showed strong anti-herbivory activities against the larvae of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura. Surprisingly, the transgenic tomato lines also exhibited strong activity against the attack of western flower thrips, Frankliniera occidentalis. Further, growth of the hadda beetle, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata, fed on leaves of transgenic tomato was significantly retarded. The levels of damage caused by both western flower thrips and hadda beetles were negligible in the high-MLX56-expressing tomato line. These results indicate that introduction of the gene for MLX56 into crops can enhance crop resistance against a wide range of pest insects, and that MLX56 can be utilized in developing genetically modified (GM) pest-resistant crops.

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