scholarly journals Reliability Analysis of a Commodity-Supply Multi-State System Using the Map Method

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Ali Muhammad Ali Rushdi ◽  
Abdulghani Bakur Alsayegh
Keyword(s):  
Regular Structure ◽  
Supply System ◽  
State System ◽  
Output Level ◽  
Complete Representation ◽  
Large Size ◽  
System Output ◽  
Ultimate Outcome ◽  
System Properties ◽  
Karnaugh Map

A multi-state k-out-of-n: G system is a multi-state system whose multi-valued success is greater than or equal to a certain value j (lying between 1 (the lowest non-zero output level) and M (the highest output level)) whenever at least km components are in state m or above for all m such that 1 ≤ m ≤ j. This paper is devoted to the analysis of a commodity-supply system that serves as a standard gold example of a non-repairable multi-state k-out-of-n: G system with independent non-identical components. We express each instance of the multi-state system output as an explicit function of the multi-valued inputs of the system. The ultimate outcome of our analysis is a Multi-Valued Karnaugh Map (MVKM), which serves as a natural, unique, and complete representation of the multi-state system. To construct this MVKM, we use “binary” entities to relate each of the instances of the output to the multi-valued inputs. These binary entities are represented via an eight-variable Conventional Karnaugh Map (CKM) that is adapted to a map representing four variables that are four-valued each. Despite the relatively large size of the maps used, they are still very convenient, thanks to their regular structure. No attempt was made to draw loops on the maps or to seek minimal formulas. The maps just served as handy tools for combinatorial representation and for collectively implementing the operations of ANDing, ORing, and complementation. The MVKM obtained serves as a means for symbolic analysis yielding results that agree numerically with those obtained earlier. The map is a useful tool for visualizing many system properties, and is a valuable resource for computing a plethora of Importance Measures for the components of the system.

scholarly journals Utilization of Symmetric Switching Functions in the Symbolic Reliability Analysis of Multi-State k-out-of-n Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Muhammad Ali Rushdi
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Supply System ◽  
State System ◽  
Output Level ◽  
Propositional Function ◽  
Multiple Valued Logic ◽  
Switching Functions ◽  
System Output ◽  
Multiple Levels

Symmetric switching functions (SSFs) play a prominent role in the reliability analysis of a binary k-out-of-n: G system, which is a dichotomous system that is successful if and only if at least k out of its n components are successful. The aim of this paper is to extend the utility of SSFs to the reliability analysis of a multi-state k-out-of-n: G system, which is a multi-state system whose multi-valued success is greater than or equal to a certain value j (lying between 1 (the lowest output level) and M (the highest output level)) whenever at least km components are in state m or above for all m such that 1 ≤ m ≤ j. This paper is devoted to the analysis of non-repairable multi-state k-out-of-n: G systems with independent non-identical components. The paper utilizes algebraic techniques of multiple-valued logic (together with known properties of SSFs) to evaluate each of the multiple levels of the system output as an individual binary or propositional function of the system multi-valued inputs. The formula of each of these levels is then written as a probability–ready expression, thereby allowing its immediate conversion, on a one-to-one basis, into a probability or expected value. The symbolic reliability analysis of a commodity-supply system (which serves as a standard gold example of a multi-state k-out-of-n: G system) is completed successfully herein, yielding results that have been checked symbolically, and also were shown to agree numerically with those obtained earlier.

scholarly journals Switching-Algebraic Analysis of Multi-State System Reliability

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Muhammad Ali Rushdi ◽  
Mohamed AbdulRahman Al-Amoudi
Keyword(s):  
State System ◽  
Reliability Model ◽  
Multiplication Tables ◽  
Multiple Valued Logic ◽  
Modes Of Failure ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Input Domain ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Tools And Techniques

Multi-State systems are systems whose outputs are multi-valued (due to multiple levels of capacity or performance) and (possibly) whose inputs are also multi-valued (due to multiple performance levels or multiple modes of failure). These systems are a generalization of binary or dichotomous systems that have binary or two-valued outputs and inputs. The multi-state reliability model generalizes and adapts many of the concepts and techniques of the binary reliability model, and naturally ends up with sophisticated concepts and techniques of its own. This paper explores the possibility of simply analyzing a multi-state system by reformulating or encoding its inputs in terms of binary inputs and evaluating each of its multiple output levels as an individual binary output of these alternative inputs. This means that we dispense with multiple-valued logic in the analysis of a multi-state system, since this system is now analyzed solely via switching algebra (two-valued Boolean algebra). The wealth of tools and techniques of switching algebra are now used (without any modification or adaptation) in the analysis of the multi-state system (at the cost of an expanded input domain). The paper makes its point though the analysis of a standard commodity-supply system, whose multi-valued inputs are expressed in terms of physically-meaningfully binary inputs. The analysis is made possible through the use of advanced techniques for deriving probability–ready expressions together with the employment of large-size Karnaugh maps and utilization of multiplication tables, symmetric switching functions, and Boolean quotients. Though the system studied involves twelve binary input variables, its manual analysis is completed successfully herein, yielding results that exactly agree with those obtained earlier via automated methods, and are possibly less prone to the notorious effects of round-off errors.

Improvement of Box-Type Substation for Port

2013 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 2393-2396
Author(s):  
Dong Sheng Song ◽  
Li Wei Yan
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Power Supply System ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Environmental Suitability ◽  
Large Size

It indicates problems existing in ZB series substations of current power supply system at port, such as large size and improper structural design, poor power supply security and unsuitability to environment of the port, etc. It proposes solutions to improve the structure, security of box-type substation and environmental suitability, etc, which can solve the problems existing in current port power supply system.

Coherency loss in γ' precipitates in nickel-base superalloy

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
R. A. Ricks ◽  
Angus J. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Nickel Base Superalloy ◽  
Large Size ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Nimonic 80A ◽  
Interfacial Dislocations ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Coherency Loss ◽  
Nimonic 115

During a recent investigation concerning the growth of γ' precipitates in nickel-base superalloys it was observed that the sign of the lattice mismatch between the coherent particles and the matrix (γ) was important in determining the ease with which matrix dislocations could be incorporated into the interface to relieve coherency strains. Thus alloys with a negative misfit (ie. the γ' lattice parameter was smaller than the matrix) could lose coherency easily and γ/γ' interfaces would exhibit regularly spaced networks of dislocations, as shown in figure 1 for the case of Nimonic 115 (misfit = -0.15%). In contrast, γ' particles in alloys with a positive misfit could grow to a large size and not show any such dislocation arrangements in the interface, thus indicating that coherency had not been lost. Figure 2 depicts a large γ' precipitate in Nimonic 80A (misfit = +0.32%) showing few interfacial dislocations.

Interrelationship of the cellular distribution and secretion of regular structure (RS) protein in Bacillus licheniformis nm 105

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 712-713
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Zhu ◽  
Richard McVeigh ◽  
Bijan K. Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Culture Supernatant ◽  
Regular Structure ◽  
The Self ◽  
Cellular Distribution ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Laboratory Cultures

A mutant of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C, NM 105 exhibits some notable properties, e.g., arrest of alkaline phosphatase secretion and overexpression and hypersecretion of RS protein. Although RS is known to be widely distributed in many microbes, it is rarely found, with a few exceptions, in laboratory cultures of microorganisms. RS protein is a structural protein and has the unusual properties to form aggregate. This characteristic may have been responsible for the self assembly of RS into regular tetragonal structures. Another uncommon characteristic of RS is that enhanced synthesis and secretion which occurs when the cells cease to grow. Assembled RS protein with a tetragonal structure is not seen inside cells at any stage of cell growth including cells in the stationary phase of growth. Gel electrophoresis of the culture supernatant shows a very large amount of RS protein in the stationary culture of the B. licheniformis. It seems, Therefore, that the RS protein is cotranslationally secreted and self assembled on the envelope surface.

Automatic analysis of Kikuchi diffraction patterns

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 900-901
Author(s):  
H. Weiland ◽  
D. P. Field
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Crystalline Materials ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
New Type ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Orientation Determination

Recent advances in the automatic indexing of backscatter Kikuchi diffraction patterns on the scanning electron microscope (SEM) has resulted in the development of a new type of microscopy. The ability to obtain statistically relevant information on the spatial distribution of crystallite orientations is giving rise to new insight into polycrystalline microstructures and their relation to materials properties. A limitation of the technique in the SEM is that the spatial resolution of the measurement is restricted by the relatively large size of the electron beam in relation to various microstructural features. Typically the spatial resolution in the SEM is limited to about half a micron or greater. Heavily worked structures exhibit microstructural features much finer than this and require resolution on the order of nanometers for accurate characterization. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques offer sufficient resolution to investigate heavily worked crystalline materials.Crystal lattice orientation determination from Kikuchi diffraction patterns in the TEM (Figure 1) requires knowledge of the relative positions of at least three non-parallel Kikuchi line pairs in relation to the crystallite and the electron beam.

Immunoprobe localization in mammalian embryos

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Calarco ◽  
Margaret C. Siebert
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Mammalian Embryos ◽  
Antigen Localization ◽  
Difficult Challenge ◽  
Lowicryl K4m ◽  
Fertilized Egg

Visualization of preimplantation mammalian embryos by electron microscopy is difficult due to the large size of the ircells, their relative lack of internal structure, and their highly hydrated cytoplasm. For example, the fertilized egg of the mouse is a single cell of approximately 75μ in diameter with little organized cytoskelet on and apaucity ofor ganelles such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi material. Thus, techniques that work well on tissues or cell lines are often not adaptable to embryos at either the LM or EM level.Over several years we have perfected techniques for visualization of mammalian embryos by LM and TEM, SEM and for the pre-embedding localization of antigens. Post-embedding antigenlocalization in thin sections of mouse oocytes and embryos has presented a more difficult challenge and has been explored in LR White, LR Gold, soft EPON (after etching of sections), and Lowicryl K4M. To date, antigen localization has only been achieved in Lowicryl-embedded material, although even with polymerization at-40°C, the small ER vesicles characteristic of embryos are unrecognizable.

Vibration Isolator System for Electron Microscope

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-183
Author(s):  
K. Ohi ◽  
M. Mizuno ◽  
T. Kasai ◽  
Y. Ohkura ◽  
K. Mizuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Vibration Isolator ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Vibration Isolators ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Electron Microscopes

In recent years, with electron microscopes coming into wider use, their installation environments do not necessarily give their performance full play. Their environmental conditions include air-conditioners, magnetic fields, and vibrations. We report a jointly developed entirely new vibration isolator which is effective against the vibrations transmitted from the floor.Conventionally, large-sized vibration isolators which need the digging of a pit have been used. These vibration isolators, however, are large present problems of installation and maintenance because of their large-size.Thus, we intended to make a vibration isolator which1) eliminates the need for changing the installation room2) eliminates the need of maintenance and3) are compact in size and easily installable.

Clinically Meaningful Change

Methodology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Ferrer ◽  
Antonio Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test

Abstract. In a recent paper, Ferrer and Pardo (2014) tested several distribution-based methods designed to assess when test scores obtained before and after an intervention reflect a statistically reliable change. However, we still do not know how these methods perform from the point of view of false negatives. For this purpose, we have simulated change scenarios (different effect sizes in a pre-post-test design) with distributions of different shapes and with different sample sizes. For each simulated scenario, we generated 1,000 samples. In each sample, we recorded the false-negative rate of the five distribution-based methods with the best performance from the point of view of the false positives. Our results have revealed unacceptable rates of false negatives even with effects of very large size, starting from 31.8% in an optimistic scenario (effect size of 2.0 and a normal distribution) to 99.9% in the worst scenario (effect size of 0.2 and a highly skewed distribution). Therefore, our results suggest that the widely used distribution-based methods must be applied with caution in a clinical context, because they need huge effect sizes to detect a true change. However, we made some considerations regarding the effect size and the cut-off points commonly used which allow us to be more precise in our estimates.

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