Proportions of Pre-Cancerous Cervical Lesions and Its Associated Factors among Women Clients in the Age Group of 30-49yrs in Gynecology Ward of Dessie Referral Hospital and FGAE, North-East Ethiopia, 2016

Introduction: Globally, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women; in 2008 there were an estimated 530,000 new cases and more than 270,000 women die from it [1]. In Ethiopia, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer following breast cancer and the leading cause of death from cancer. Annually, an estimated number of 4648 women develop the cancer and 3,235 die from it. Low-resource countries experience 85% of the global burden and in regions such as Eastern Africa and South-Central Asia. Low perception of risks and lack of awareness about cervical cancer screening amongst women and challenges of access to cervical cancer screening for early detection of disease have been reported amongst factors responsible for increasing incidence and mortality due to cervical cancer in developing countries [2]. Objective: The general objective of this study was to determine the proportions of cervical precancerous lesions and to assess associated factors among women clients (30-49) in Gynecology OPD of Dessie referral hospital and FGAE, 2016. Methods: An institution based cross-sectional study design involving quantitative method was employed. For the quantitative survey 422 women in the age group of 30-49 were participated. The sample size was computed by using single population proportion formula for finite population with 95% confidence level, prevalence of 50% and marginal error of 2%. Pretested and structured questionnaire was used in order to facilitate reliable response. Questionnaires for each item were adapted from previously done similar studies. Pretest was done on five percent of study population. Results: Among 422 study participants who were currently screened, 390(92.4%) were negative for cervical precancerous lesions when tested by visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), 29(6.9%) were positive for cervical precancerous lesions and 3(0.7%) were suspicious for cancer. The majority (69.9%) of the study subjects did not ever screen for cervical cancer in their life time. Concerning the reasons for not screening, 98(33.3%) of them said that it is painful while 54(18.3%) and 37(12.5%) of them said I am health and it is expensive respectively. Conclusion: The proportion of cervical precancerous lesion was 6.9%. In multivariate regression analysis increased age(>46), high parity(>4), first intercourse at <20 years, having > two sexual partners, positive HIV status, History of Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, History of sexually transmitted infection (STI), Smoking, History of abortion, nonuse of condom and family history of cervical cancer were significantly associated with the development of cervical precancerous lesions.

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Magnitude and associated factors of VIA positive test results for cervical cancer screening among refugee women aged 25–49 years in North Ethiopia

BMC Cancer ◽

10.1186/s12885-020-07344-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gebretsadik Hailemariam ◽

Hailay Gebreyesus ◽

Tewolde Wubayehu ◽

Tsgehana Gebregyorgis ◽

Kidanemariam Gebrecherkos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Previous History ◽

Test Results ◽

Cervical Lesions ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Refugee Women ◽

History Of ◽

Precancerous Cervical Lesions

Abstract Background Worldwide cervical cancer is the third most common malignancy in women. It usually arises from the cervical area which is susceptible to Human Papilloma virus induced malignancy changes. In low-resource setting visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) is an alternative sensitive cervical screening method. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude and associated factors of VIA positive test results for Cervical Cancer screening among Eritrean refugee women aged 25–49 years in northern Ethiopia refugee camps. Methods A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 412 Eritrean refugee women aged 25–49 years from august 10 to September 25, 2018. Study subjects were selected by simple random sampling method. Data were collected using pretested structured questioner through Face-to-face interview and cervical examination. Data were coded and entered to Epi info software version 7 and then exported to Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was made to test the association between the independent variables and the outcome variable. P-value of less than 0.05 with 95% CI was considered to declare statistical significance. Result In this study the magnitude of VIA positive precancerous cervical lesions was 9% (95% CI: 6.3–11.8%). Previous history of sexually transmitted infections (STI) [AOR (95%CI) = 2.84(1.07–7.53)] and presence of STI during cervical examination [AOR (95%CI) =3.97(1.75–9.00)] were found significantly associated with VIA positive precancerous cervical lesions. Conclusions In this study the magnitude of VIA positive precancerous cervical lesions was high. Previous history of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and presence of STI during cervical examination were found associated with VIA positive precancerous cervical lesions. Efforts such as early screening for sexually transmitted disease shall be done to prevent precancerous cervical lesions.

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Profile of PAP smears done in a tertiary centre in North Kerala

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181708 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 1974 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Enid Elizabeth Thomas ◽

Jayasree Anandabhavan Kumaran

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Precancerous Lesions ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cancer Control ◽

Target Population ◽

Pap Smears ◽

Age Group ◽

Cervical Smears

Background: In India, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women. WHO sponsored expert group meeting on “Strategies for Cervical cancer Control” recommends women of 30-59 years as target group for cervical cancer screening in India. Statistics show us that routine cervical cancer screening is not happening in India.Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive, record based study done in a private medical college in Northern Kerala to study the profile of PAP smears during the years, 2014 and 2015 and to find out the appropriateness of the recommendations for age for cervical cancer screening. The data regarding cervical smears were analyzed using Epi info software.Results: A total of 3059 cervical smears were analyzed retrospectively. The age group of the study population ranged from 21 years to 93 years with the mean age of 46.3942±13.7 SD. Of all the smears, 2993 (97.84%) were Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM). A total of 66 smears (2.15%) showed epithelial abnormality. All precancerous lesions, LSIL (29.03%), HSIL (37.04%) and Atypia (37.5%) were most commonly found in the age group of 61-70 years.Conclusions: The incidence of epithelial abnormality is found increasingly in older age groups. Limiting the target population for screening to 30-59 years, will result in missing out of many cases with precancerous lesions which in turn may fail our attempts in reducing the burden of cervical cancer. So a higher age group as target population needs to be set.

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Uptake of cervical cancer screening in Kuwait: A cross-sectional study

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.1013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

E Tolma ◽

E Alawadhi ◽

J Longenecker ◽

R Al-Wotayan ◽

E Tawheed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Marital Status ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Screening Program ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Age Group ◽

Level Of Education ◽

History Of

Abstract Background Despite the low incidence of cervical cancer in Kuwait in 2018, it is projected that it will increase by 48% by 2035. This is of concern considering that cervical cancer is a preventable disease if detected early. With limited research in this area in Kuwait, we sought to assess the prevalence of cervical cancer screening (CCS) among Kuwaiti women. Methods This study is part of the WHO's 2014 STEPS risk factor surveillance study. A representative random sample (n = 3915) of Kuwaiti citizens was recruited (response rate= 89.2%). CCS was assessed with the question “Have you ever had a screening test for cervical cancer using any of the methods described above”. All women aged 21-69 years who responded to the CCS question (n = 2183) were included in the analysis. Independent variables included age, area of residence, marital status, level of education, work status, smoking status, BMI level, history of CV disease, and history of diabetes. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and multivariable logistic regression adjusted for participants' characteristics. Results The overall weighted CCS prevalence was 15.7% (95% CI [14.3-17.4]). CCS was associated with age (OR = 5.0 [2.5-10]) for age group 60-69, and OR = 3.1 [1.9-5.1] for age group 45-59 compared to the age group 21-29, area of residence (ORs ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 for those living in different governorates compared to those who lived in the Capital), marital status (OR = 4.4 for married and OR = 5.2 for divorced/widowed compared to those who were single), and level of education (ORs ranged from 2.7 to 2.9 for those who completed at least high-school education compared to those who did not). Conclusions The current uptake of CCS among Kuwaiti women is low. Disparities exist in terms of age, area of residence, level of education, and marital status. More efforts are needed to promote CCS through an organized screening program while considering the existing disparities. Key messages The current use of cervical cancer screening among Kuwaiti women is low. More efforts are needed to promote cervical cancer screening while paying attention to existing socioeconomic disparities.

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The application of CRISPR/Cas9 system in cervical carcinogenesis

Cancer Gene Therapy ◽

10.1038/s41417-021-00366-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chun Gao ◽

Ping Wu ◽

Lan Yu ◽

Liting Liu ◽

Hong Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

High Risk ◽

Transgenic Mice ◽

Cell Line ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Cancer Cell ◽

Precancerous Lesions ◽

Cancer Cell Lines ◽

Cervical Carcinogenesis ◽

Cervical Precancerous Lesions

AbstractIntegration of high-risk HPV genomes into cellular chromatin has been confirmed to promote cervical carcinogenesis, with HPV16 being the most prevalent high-risk type. Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in cervical carcinogenesis, especially for cervical precancerous lesions. In cervical cancer/pre-cancer cell lines, we transfected the HPV16 E7 targeted CRISPR/Cas9, TALEN, ZFN plasmids, respectively. Compared to previous established ZFN and TALEN systems, CRISPR/Cas9 has shown comparable efficiency and specificity in inhibiting cell growth and colony formation and inducing apoptosis in cervical cancer/pre-cancer cell lines, which seemed to be more pronounced in the S12 cell line derived from the low-grade cervical lesion. Furthermore, in xenograft formation assays, CRISPR/Cas9 inhibited tumor formation of the S12 cell line in vivo and affected the corresponding protein expression. In the K14-HPV16 transgenic mice model of HPV-driven spontaneous cervical carcinogenesis, cervical application of CRISPR/Cas9 treatment caused mutations of the E7 gene and restored the expression of RB, E2F1, and CDK2, thereby reversing the cervical carcinogenesis phenotype. In this study, we have demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9 targeting HPV16 E7 could effectively revert the HPV-related cervical carcinogenesis in vitro, as well as in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice, which has shown great potential in clinical treatment for cervical precancerous lesions.

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Raman spectroscopic study of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer

Lasers in Medical Science ◽

10.1007/s10103-020-03218-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jing Wang ◽

Cheng-Xia Zheng ◽

Cai-Ling Ma ◽

Xiang-Xiang Zheng ◽

Xiao-Yi Lv ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Raman Spectra ◽

Precancerous Lesions ◽

Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cervical Lesions ◽

Cin Iii ◽

Cervical Precancerous Lesions ◽

Biochemical Components ◽

The Difference

AbstractEarly detection of cervical lesions, accurate diagnosis of cervical lesions, and timely and effective therapy can effectively avoid the occurrence of cervical cancer or improve the survival rate of patients. In this paper, the spectra of tissue sections of cervical inflammation (n = 60), CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) I (n = 30), CIN II (n = 30), CIN III (n = 30), cervical squamous cell carcinoma (n = 30), and cervical adenocarcinoma (n = 30) were collected by a confocal Raman micro-spectrometer (LabRAM HR Evolution, Horiba France SAS, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France). The Raman spectra of six kinds of cervical tissues were analyzed, the dominant Raman peaks of different kinds of tissues were summarized, and the differences in chemical composition between the six tissue samples were compared. An independent sample t test (p ≤ 0.05) was used to analyze the difference of average relative intensity of Raman spectra of six types of cervical tissues. The difference of relative intensity of Raman spectra of six kinds of tissues can reflect the difference of biochemical components in six kinds of tissues and the characteristic of biochemical components in different kinds of tissues. The classification models of cervical inflammation, CIN I, CIN II, CIN III, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and cervical adenocarcinoma were established by using a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. Six types of cervical tissues were classified and identified with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 85.7%. This study laid a foundation for the application of Raman spectroscopy in the clinical diagnosis of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer.

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International barriers and facilitators for cervical cancer screening among young people: a systematic review

10.22541/au.159620944.40309212/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abirami Kirubarajan ◽

Shannon Leung ◽

Xinglin Li ◽

Matthew Yau ◽

Mara Sobel

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Young People ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Low Income ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Barriers And Facilitators ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Age Group

Background Though cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally, its incidence is nearly entirely preventable. Young people have been an international priority for screening. However, in both high-income and low-income countries, young people have not been screened appropriately according to country-specific guidelines and in many countries, screening rates for this age-group have even dropped. Objectives The aim of this systematic review was to systematically characterize the existing literature on barriers and facilitators for cervical cancer screening among young people globally. Search Strategy We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines of four databases: Medline-OVID, EMBASE, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.Gov. Selection Criteria We only examined original, peer-reviewed literature. Databases were examined from inception until the date of our literature searches (12/03/2020). Articles were excluded if they did not specifically discuss cervical cancer screening, were not specific to young people, or did not report outcomes or evaluation. Data Collection and Analysis All screening and extraction was completed in duplicate with two independent reviewers. Main Results Of the 2177 original database citations, we included 36 studies that met inclusion criteria. Our systematic review found that there are three large categories of barriers for young people: lack of knowledge/awareness, negative perceptions of the test, and practical barriers to testing. Facilitators included stronger relationships with healthcare providers, social norms, support from family, and self-efficacy. Conclusions Health systems worldwide should address the barriers and facilitators to increase cervical cancer screening rates in young people. Further research is required to understand this age group.

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Factors Influencing Utilization of Cervical Cancer Screening Services in Kenya: The Case of Nyeri County

International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) ◽

10.11591/ijphs.v7i4.15013 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 236

Author(s):

Gichogo Agnes Wangeci ◽

David Macharia

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Precancerous Lesions ◽

Survey Study ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Awareness Campaigns ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Screening Services

<span lang="EN-US">Globally, cervical cancer continues to be a major cause of mortality and morbidity among women with developing countries accounting for more than 86% of the deaths from the disease. In Kenya, cervical cancer ranks as the second most frequent cancer among women: regrettably, with 80% of the cases presented during the late stages of the disease when the scope of successful treatment is limited. An opportunity to prevent occurrence of cervical cancer exists through cervical cancer screening for early detection and treatment of precancerous lesions before these develop to cancer. However, only a negligible proportion of women benefit from cervical cancer screening services in developing countries, including Kenya. The purpose of this descriptive survey study was to determine the factors influencing utilization of cervical cancer screening services; and focused on the women seeking maternal and family planning services at Central Provincial General Hospital, Kenya. The study established that, as in most developing countries, utilization of cervical cancer screening services was low, regardless of the women’s education level, autonomy in decision making and even good family support. The low level of awareness on the need for screening services and the long waiting time at the clinic for those seeking the services were identified as the two key issues that negatively influenced the utilization of the screening services, It is therefore recommended that the Ministry of Health and other agencies, including individuals of good will, collaborate in designing and implementing awareness campaigns through the media and other appropriate avenues, including one-to-one encounters, targeting both men and women in the communities. It is also recommended that the male partners support their women in accessing this vital life-saving service.</span>

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Cervical Cancer Screening Utilization and Associated Factors Among Women Aged 30 to 49 Years in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia

Cancer Control ◽

10.1177/1073274820958701 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 107327482095870

Author(s):

Yalelet Belay ◽

Merga Dheresa ◽

Alekaw Sema ◽

Assefa Desalew ◽

Nega Assefa

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

High Risk ◽

Cervical Cancer Screening ◽

Service Utilization ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Screening Service ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Dire Dawa

Background: Cervical cancer is a public health problem and one of the leading causes of death in women worldwide. In Ethiopia, the government expands cervical cancer screening centers and recommends services to age-eligible and high-risk groups of women. However, evidence indicates that the utilization of services among eligible and high-risk women in the country has remained very low, and data are scarce in Dire Dawa. Therefore, this study aimed to assess cervical cancer screening service utilization and associated factors among women aged 30 to 49 years in Dire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was undertaken in Dire Dawa from February 01 to March 01, 2017. Only two facilities provided the screening service in Dire Dawa Administration. Six- hundred and one women aged 30 to 49 years were selected using a systematic sampling method. Data were collected using a pretested face-to-face interview administered questionnaire. Data were entered using EpiData 3.1, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science Version 21. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with cervical cancer screening utilization. An adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used, and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In this study, the magnitude of cervical cancer screening service utilization was 4.0% (95% CI: 2.5-5.7). The factors associated with cervical cancer screening service utilization were older age (AOR = 4.2; 95% CI:1.3-13.8), attending private health facilities (AOR = 8.9; 95% CI: 2.8-28.0), being employed (AOR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.3-8.8), visiting the gynecology departments (AOR = 3.8; 95% CI: 1.5-9.8), being knowledgeable (AOR = 4.8; 95% CI: 1.5-15.5), being counseled by health professionals (AOR = 4.1; 95% CI: 1.5-11.3), and user’s of family planning (AOR = 4.9; 95% CI: 1.2-20.0). Conclusion: The magnitude of cervical cancer screening utilization was very low. Hence, to improve the screening service utilization of cervical cancer, a campaign on community awareness, strengthening service linkage among departments, expansion of the centers for cervical cancer screening, and promotion of family planning method utilization are recommended.

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