scholarly journals Metformin and Diabetes Prevention in Patients with Prediabetes: Results from Isfahan Diabetes Prevention Study (IDPS)

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
Parisa Khodabandeh Shahraki ◽  
Awat Feizi ◽  
Ashraf Aminorroaya ◽  
Mahboubeh Farmani ◽  
Massoud Amini
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Prevention ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Log Rank Test ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adjusted Model

Aim: Although, the effectiveness of metformin in diabetes treatment is well established, its preventive effect in the development of diabetes is still unclear in real world. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of metformin therapy as a single preventive agent in patients with prediabetes in a cohort study (IDPS). Study Design: In this prospective observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Methodology: We included 410 patients with prediabetes (168 metformin user, 242 non-users), who participated in IDPS. To determine the association between metformin use and incidence of type 2 diabetes, Cox proportional hazard method, Kaplan-Meier and log Rank test were used. Results: In fully adjusted model for all confounders, significant hazard ratio (HR) for staying prediabetes rather than returning to normal was detected in male group of metformin non-user (HR: 2·41 [95% CI 1.01-5.79]; P<0·05) and those metformin non-user who had both Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IFG & IGT) (HR: 2.13 [95% CI 1.05-4.34]; P=0·04).  There was no significant difference in terms of developing diabetes risk between metformin users and non-users. Conclusion: This study evidenced that males and patients with IFG & IGT who had not used metformin are at higher risk to staying prediabetes than returning to normal.

Survival outcome of ampullary and duodenal adenocarcinomas.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e14579-e14579
Author(s):  
Walid Labib Shaib ◽  
Rahul Sharma ◽  
Sungjin Kim ◽  
Zhengjia Chen ◽  
John S. Kauh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Survival Difference ◽  
Significant Survival ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Emory University

e14579 Background: Adenocarcinomas of the duodenum are divided into two locations: ampullary (AMP) and duodenal (DA). AMP represents 2% of all gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies and commonly present with tumor related obstruction of the common bile duct. DA is rare, and constitutes 0.4% of GI but 45% of small bowel malignancies. The literature regarding treatment and outcome of DA and AMP is very limited. The objective of this project is to evaluate the outcome for these cancers. Methods: After IRB approval, AMP and DA patients were identified from Emory University database. A chart review from July 1995 to July 2012 was conducted. Data was collected for demographic characteristics, pathology, treatment and survival.Survival rates were estimated by Kaplan Meier method and compared with Log-rank test. A Cox proportional hazard model was fitted to estimate the adjusted effect of AMP versus DA on overall survival (OS). Results: A total of 162 patients with AMP (94) and DA (68) were identified. Median age at diagnosis for AMP was 62 and for DA was 63 years. Equal distribution of males and females was found in both locations. No difference was found comparing grade of the tumors. There was a difference in race. DA presented with larger primary tumor compared to AMP. DA presented with advanced stage. Treatment was driven by stage and included surgery, surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy (5-FU based) +/- radiation or chemotherapy alone. Median OS of 27.5 for AMP and 19.3 months for DA, not statistically significant difference. Adjusting for stage, no significant survival difference was observed (HR=0.88 95%CI=0.54 – 1.46, p=0.63). Conclusions: Race, size, stage and treatment were different comparing AMP to DA. Majority of AMP had early stage and were treated with surgery; DA tends to present at a late stage. When accounting for stage and location, the OS was not significantly different. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Peran Tindakan Revaskularisasi terhadap Kesintasan Pasien Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Gerie Amarendra ◽  
Lukman H Makmun ◽  
Dono Antono ◽  
Esthika Dewiasty
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
St Elevation Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Hazard Regression ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Log Rank Test ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
St Elevation ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

Pendahuluan. Pengaruh revaskularisasi terhadap kesintasan pasien non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) masih belum jelas. Waktu revaskularisasi yang optimal pada pasien NSTEMI belum ditemukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh revaskularisasi terhadap kesintasan pasien NSTEMI, juga mengetahui pengaruh waktu revaskularisasi terhadap kesintasan pasien NSTEMI.Metode. Penelitian dengan disain kohort retrospektif dilakukan terhadap 300 pasien non ST elevation myocardial infarction yang dirawat di RSUPNCM pada kurun waktu Desember 2006-Maret 2011. Data klinis, laboratorium, elektrokardiografi (EKG), ekokardiografi, dan angiografi koroner dikumpulkan. Pasien yang telah terhitung enam bulan setelah onset kemudian dihubungi melalui telepon untuk melihat status mortalitasnya. Perbedaan kesintasan revaskularisasi ditampilkan dalam kurva Kaplan Meier dan perbedaan kesintasan diantara dua kelompok diuji dengan Log-rank test dengan batas kemaknaan <0,05, serta analisis multivariat dengan Cox proportional hazard regression untuk menghitung adjusted hazard ratio (dan interval kepercayaan 95%) antara pasien NSTEMI yang menjalani terapi medikamentosa dan revaskularisasi terhadap kelompok medikamentosa dengan memasukkan variabel perancu.Hasil. Terdapat perbedaan kesintasan yang bermakna pada uji log rank (p<0,001) antara pasien NSTEMI yang menjalani revaskularisasi dan terapi medikamentosa saja dengan crude HR 0,19 (IK95% 0,11-0,34) dan fully adjusted HR 0,33 (IK95% 0,17-0,64). Faktor perancu yang bermakna adalah penurunan fungsi ginjal dan syok kardiogenik. Pada analisis kesintasan berdasarkan waktu revaskularisasi tidak didapatkan perbedaan kesintasan antara pasien yang menjalani revaskularisasi < 1 minggu, 1-2 minggu, 2-3 minggu, 3-4 minggu, 4-5 minggu dengan p=0,853.Simpulan. Kesintasan enam bulan pasien NSTEMI yang menjalani terapi medikamentosa dan revaskularisasi lebih baik dibandingkan dengan terapi medikamentosa saja. Tidak terdapat perbedaan kesintasan enam bulan pasien NSTEMI berdasarkan waktu revaskularisasi.

Combined adjuvant cisplatin and ifosfamide chemotherapy and radiotherapy for malignant mixed müllerian tumors of the uterus

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1364-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Wong ◽  
H. T. See ◽  
H. S. Khoo-Tan ◽  
J. S. Low ◽  
W. T. Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Adjuvant Therapy ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Log Rank Test ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

The role of adjuvant therapy for malignant mixed müllerian tumors of the uterus has not been established. Our aim was to review our experience with sequential adjuvant therapy using cisplatin and ifosfamide chemotherapy and radiotherapy after surgical staging. A retrospective study of 43 patients from 1995 to 2004 was undertaken. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to assess the effect of treatment on survival after adjustment for age and stage. Twenty-eight patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and 28 patients had adjuvant radiotherapy. Twenty-one patients underwent sequential adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Tumor recurrence occurred in 14 patients at a median duration of 10 months. The overall 2- and 5-year survival was 64% and 60%, respectively. The 2- and 5-year survival for stage I and II diseases was both 95%, while the 2-year survival for stage III and IV diseases was 25%. Patients who underwent sequential adjuvant therapy had an improved survival compared with patients who did not follow the protocol (P = 0.024). Our results with sequential adjuvant therapy are encouraging and justify future randomized trials.

scholarly journals In Vitro Fatigue Resistance of Teeth Restored With Bulk Fill versus Conventional Composite Resin

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 452-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Branco Rauber ◽  
Jussara Karina Bernardon ◽  
Luiz Clovis Cardoso Vieira ◽  
Hamilton Pires Maia ◽  
Françoá Horn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Resistance ◽  
Composite Resin ◽  
Survival Curve ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Log Rank Test ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Meier Survival Curve

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the fatigue resistance of restored teeth with bulk fill composite resin, conventional composite resin with incremental insertion and unprepared sound teeth. Twenty-eight extracted maxillary premolars were selected and divided into 4 groups based on composite resin and insertion technique: control (C), conventional composite resin with incremental insertion (I) and bulk fill composite resin with three (BF3) or single increment (BF1). The restored specimens were submitted to fatigue resistance test with a 5 Hz frequency. An initial application of 5,000 sinusoidal load cycles with a minimum force of 50 N and a maximum force of 200 N was used. Next, were applied stages of 30,000 load cycles with the maximum force increasing gradually: 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 N. The test was concluded when 185,000 load cycles were achieved or the specimen failed. The fatigue resistance data were recorded for comparison, using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve and analyzed by log-rank test at 0.05 significance. Fractures were classified based on the position of the failure - above or below the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Statistical analysis of the Kaplan-Meier survival curve and log-rank test showed a significant difference between groups (p=0.001). The fracture analysis demonstrated that only 28.58% of failures were below the CEJ in group C, while for groups I, BF1 and BF3 they were 42.85%, 85.71% and 85.71%, respectively. Teeth restored with composite bulk fill in both techniques present similar fatigue resistance values compared with those restored with a conventional incremental insertion of composite, while the fatigue strength values of unprepared sound teeth were higher. Furthermore, unprepared sound teeth showed a lower percentage of fractures below the CEJ.

scholarly journals The productive lifetime of sows on two farms from the aspect of reasons for culling

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Balogh ◽  
Wojciech Kapelański ◽  
Hanna Jankowiak ◽  
Lajos Nagy ◽  
Sandor Kovacs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Model ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Proportional Hazard Model ◽  
Large White ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Breeding Farms ◽  
On Farm

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of the productive lifetime (PLT) of sows kept on two farms, from the aspect of reasons for culling. The study was based on data from animals from two breeding farms in Hungary, using the data of 3493 crossbred Dutch Large White and Dutch Landrace sows (DLW × DL) between their first farrowing until the time of culling (2006 and 2012). For six years, the annual culling rate for both farms averaged 45%. The most frequent reasons for removal on both farms were reproductive problems (40%, 51%), leg problems (29%, 23%) and mortality (19%, 15%). There was a significant difference between the distributions of reasons for culling on the two farms (χ2=41.7, P≤0.001). The distributions of reasons for culling differed in three periods of sow breeding (Farm A: χ2=264.7, P≤0.001; Farm B: χ2=511.1, P≤0.001). The percentage of main removal reasons decreased, whereas the frequency of culling due to age increased. Using survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard model), significant differences were identified between the PLT of sows culled due to reproductive problems (P≤0.001), leg problems (P≤0.001) and old age (P≤0.001). Reproductive problems (HR: 1.34, P≤0.001) and leg problems (HR: 1.39, P≤0.001) were higher and culling due to old age (HR: 0.44, P≤0.001) was lower on Farm A compared to Farm B. There were no significant differences between the two farms in terms of mortality (HR: 0.99, P=0.923). Overall, the results can be useful for breeders of crossbred (DLW × DL) sow populations in more accurately defining their culling systems.

scholarly journals The Impact of Beta Blockers on Survival in Heart Transplant Recipients: Insights from the Zabrze HTx Registry

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Grzegorz M. Kubiak ◽  
Radosław Kwieciński ◽  
Agnieszka Ciarka ◽  
Andrzej Tukiendorf ◽  
Piotr Przybyłowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beta Blockers ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Log Rank Test ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. The data assessing the impact of beta blocker (BB) medication on survival in patients after heart transplantation (HTx) are scarce and unequivocal; therefore, we investigated this population. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the HTx Zabrze Registry of 380 consecutive patients who survived the 30-day postoperative period. Results. The percentage of patients from the entire cohort taking BBs was as follows: atenolol 24 (17%), bisoprolol 67 (49%), carvedilol 11 (8%), metoprolol 28 (20%), and nebivolol 8 (6%). The patients receiving BBs were older (56.94 ± 14.68 years vs. 52.70 ± 15.35 years, p=0.008) and experienced an onset of HTx earlier in years (11.65 ± 7.04 vs. 7.24 ± 5.78 p≤0.001). They also had higher hematocrit (0.40 ± 0.05 vs. 0.39 ± 0.05, p=0.022) and red blood cells (4.63 (106/μl) ± 0.71 vs. 4.45 (106/μl) ± 0.68, p=0.015). Survival according to BB medication did not differ among the groups (p=0.655) (log-rank test). Univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis revealed that the following parameters were associated with unfavorable diagnosis: serum concentration of albumin (g/l) HR: 0.87, 95% CI (0.81–0.94), p=0.0004; fibrinogen (mg/dl) HR: 1.006, 95% CI (1.002–1.008), p=0.0017; and C-reactive protein (mg/l) HR: 1.014, 95% CI (1.004–1.023), p=0.0044. Conclusions. The use of BBs in our cohort of patients after HTx was not associated with survival benefits.

Calcium channel blockers use and overall survival in pancreatic cancer patients receiving gemcitabine.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e15756-e15756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leszek Kraj ◽  
Andrzej Śliwczyński ◽  
Joanna Krawczyk-Lipiec ◽  
Krzysztof Woźniak ◽  
Anna Waszczuk-Gajda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Calcium Channel ◽  
Calcium Channel Blockers ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Channel Blockers ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Log Rank Test ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Significant Difference

e15756 Background: Preclinical studies have shown that calcium channel blockers (CCB) may potentiate anticancer effect of chemotherapy via intra-cellular drug accumulation. Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is commonly used in pancreatic cancer (PC) patients. The aim of this study was to determine whether CCB may affect overall survival (OS) in PC patients receiving gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. Methods: The retrospective cohort of PC patients treated with gemcitabine between 2007 and 2016 was identified in the Polish National Health Fund databases. Electronic records of prescriptions were searched to identify in this cohort patients receiving CCB (amlodipine, nitrendipine, felodipine, lacidipine). The primary endpoint was OS and it was determined by Kaplan-Meier methods and compared by the log-rank test. Results: In total 4628 PC patients treated with gemcitabine (median OS 7.7 months; 95% CI: 7.4-7.9) were identified. Among these 380 patients were prescribed any CCB. There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in median OS between patients prescribed CCB (n = 380; OS 9.3 months; 95% CI: 7.8-11.0) and those who did not (n = 4214; OS 7.6 months; 95% CI: 7.3-7.8) with hazard ratio for death 0.70 (95% CI: 0.62-0.79). Notably, the survival curves tended to flatten in CCB group, with 24% of patients alive at 2 years (95% CI: 20-29%) and 15% alive at 5 years (95% CI: 11-19%), compared with 11% (95% CI: 10-12%) and 4% (95% CI: 4-5%) in controls respectively. Conclusions: The use of CCB in PC patients receiving gemcitabine-based chemotherapy was associated with improved OS. Further validation is needed to evaluate effectiveness of CCB-gemcitabine combinations in the management of PC.

scholarly journals Reoperation rates for symptomatic nonunions in posterior cervical (subaxial) fusions with and without bone morphogenetic protein in a cohort of 1158 patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kern H. Guppy ◽  
Jessica Harris ◽  
Jason Chen ◽  
Elizabeth W. Paxton ◽  
Julie Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Log Rank Test ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spinal Fusions ◽  
Reoperation Rates

OBJECTIVE Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) was first approved in 2002 for use in single-level anterior lumbar fusions as an alternative to iliac crest grafts. Subsequent studies have concluded that BMP provides superior fusions rates and therefore reduces reoperations for nonunions. The purpose of this study was to determine the reoperation rates for symptomatic nonunions in posterior cervical (subaxial) spinal fusions with and without the use of BMP and to determine if the nonunion rates are statistically significantly different between the two groups. METHODS Between January 2009 and September 2013, the authors identified 1158 posterior cervical spinal fusion cases in the subaxial spine (C2–7) from a large spine registry (Kaiser Permanente). Patient characteristics, diagnoses, operative times, lengths of stay, and reoperations were extracted from the registry. Reoperations for symptomatic nonunions were adjudicated via chart review. Logistic regression was conducted to produce estimates of odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Kaplan-Meier curves for the non-BMP and BMP groups were generated and compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS In this cohort there were 1158 patients (19.3% with BMP) with a median follow up of 1.7 years (interquartile range [IQR] 0.7–2.9 years) and median duration to operative nonunion of 0.63 years (IQR 0.44–1.57 years). Kaplan-Meier curves showed no significant difference in reoperation rates for nonunions using the log-rank test (p = 0.179). In a subset of patients with more than 1 year of follow-up, 788 patients were identified (22.5% with BMP) with a median follow-up duration of 2.5 years (IQR 1.7–3.4 years) and a median time to operative nonunion of 0.73 years (IQR 0.44–1.57 years). There was no statistically significant difference in the symptomatic operative nonunion rates for posterior cervical (subaxial) fusions with BMP compared with non-BMP (1.1% vs 0.7%; crude OR 1.73, 95% CI 0.32–9.55, p = 0.527) for more than 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the largest series of patients using BMP in posterior cervical (subaxial) spinal fusions. Reoperation rates for symptomatic nonunions with more than 1 year of follow-up were found to be 1.1% with BMP and 0.7% without BMP. There was no significant difference in the reoperation rates for symptomatic nonunions with or without BMP.

Outcomes for stage IVA squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity according to staging subtypes.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6076-6076
Author(s):  
Kristen Marrone ◽  
Michael Otremba ◽  
Roman Groisberg ◽  
Hari Anant Deshpande ◽  
Forrest Crawford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

6076 Background: Patients with locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (SCCOC), defined as stages III to IVB without T4b, are treated similarly and combined for enrollment into most clinical trials. There are several combinations of tumor (T) and lymph node (N) categories for stage IVA. We evaluated the differences in outcomes according to subtypes of patients with stage IVA SCCOC. Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried for patients with stage IVA SCCOC diagnosed between 1988 and 2007. Patients were subdivided according to tumor (T) and lymph node (N) status. Overall survival (OS) was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by using log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used for multivariate analyses. Results: Among the 3,904 patients meeting inclusion criteria, most patients underwent surgery, either alone (24%) or with radiation (59%). There was a significant difference in outcomes according to AJCC subsets (T4aN0, T4aN1, T1N2, T2N2, T3N2 and T4N2), with 5-year OS ranging from 15.8% in T4aN2 to 41.3% in T4aN0 (HR 2.3; 95% CI 2.03-2.62, p < 0.001). Since the 5-year OS was similar for patients with T1N2-T2N2 and T3N2-T4aN2, these groups were further subdivided according to the T (T1-2 or T3-4a) and N2 subsets. The 5-year OS was significantly different according to the subgroups, ranging from 11.8% in T3-4aN2c to 37.5% in T1-2N2a (Table). The stage subgroups remained independent predictors for survival after adjusting for age, gender, race and treatment. Conclusions: Stage IVA SCCOC is a heterogeneous disease with significant differences in outcomes according to its subsets. If these findings are confirmed in additional studies, further subdivision of stage IVA may be warranted. [Table: see text]

Dementia and the Risk of Periodontitis: A Population-Based Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 002203452110372
Author(s):  
K.S. Ma ◽  
H. Hasturk ◽  
I. Carreras ◽  
A. Dedeoglu ◽  
J.J. Veeravalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Hazard Ratio ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Log Rank Test

Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are proposed to be comorbid with periodontitis (PD). It is unclear whether PD is associated with dementia and AD independent of confounding factors. We aimed at identifying the relationship between the longitudinal risk of developing PD in a cohort of patients with dementia and AD who did not show any signs of PD at baseline. In this retrospective cohort study, 8,640 patients with dementia without prior PD were recruited, and 8,640 individuals without dementia history were selected as propensity score–matched controls. A Cox proportional hazard model was developed to estimate the risk of developing PD over 10 y. Cumulative probability was derived to assess the time-dependent effect of dementia on PD. Of the 8,640 patients, a sensitivity test was conducted on 606 patients with AD-associated dementia and 606 non-AD propensity score–matched controls to identify the impact of AD-associated dementia on the risk for PD. Subgroup analyses on age stratification were included. Overall 2,670 patients with dementia developed PD. The relative risk of PD in these patients was significantly higher than in the nondementia group (1.825, 95% CI = 1.715 to 1.942). Cox proportional hazard models showed that patients with dementia were more likely to have PD than individuals without dementia (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.915, 95% CI = 1.766 to 2.077, P < 0.0001, log-rank test P < 0.0001). The risk of PD in patients with dementia was age dependent ( P values for all ages <0.0001); younger patients with dementia were more likely to develop PD. The findings persisted for patients with AD: the relative risk (1.531, 95% CI = 1.209 to 1.939) and adjusted hazard ratio (1.667, 95% CI = 1.244 to 2.232; log-rank test P = 0.0004) of PD in patients with AD were significantly higher than the non-AD cohort. Our findings demonstrated that dementia and AD were associated with a higher risk of PD dependent of age and independent of systemic confounding factors.

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