Liquid Based Cytology versus Conventional Cytology for Evaluation of Cervical PAP Smear

The cervix is the narrow inferior segment of the uterus which projects into the vaginal vault. Conventional cervical cytology is a simple, cost effective method that has been in use for more than 50 years and is still a highly effective cervical cancer screening procedure. Liquid-based, thin-layer preparation of cervical cytology specimens was a subsequent modification in technique. The present study was split-sample study was to compare Thin Prep Liquid-based Cytology with Conventional Pap Smear, relying on a laboratory with long term experience of the former. In our study most of the Conventional preparations showed cell overlapping, inflammatory cells, blood and mucus that obscure the epithelial cell morphology which was much reduced in Liquid based preparations.

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The Uterine Sound as a Convenient, Cost-Effective Method for Creating the Subcutaneous Tunnel for Long-Term Venous Catheters

Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition ◽

10.1177/014860719401800181 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 81-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brad E. Waddell ◽

Robert G. Martindale

Keyword(s):

Cost Effective ◽

Cost Effective Method ◽

Subcutaneous Tunnel

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Cytohistological correlation of conventional Papanicolaou smears in cervical neoplasia at a tertiary care hospital of Nepal

Journal of Pathology of Nepal ◽

10.3126/jpn.v9i1.23372 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1475-1479

Author(s):

Anuj Poudel ◽

Prahar Dahal

Keyword(s):

Uterine Cervix ◽

Pap Smear ◽

Cervical Screening ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Cervical Cytology ◽

Pap Smears ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Cervical Lesions ◽

Cervical Biopsy

Background: Conventional Cervical Cytology is the most widely used cervical cancer screening test. The incidence of cervical carcinoma is incredibly high in developing countries due to lack of proper knowledge. The extensive use of cervical screening with Papanicolau smears had considerably increased the detection of precancerous and cancerous lesion of uterine cervix. Study was conducted to evaluate cytohistological correlation and to calculate concordance and discordance of Pap smear in detection of precancerous and cancerous lesions of uterine cervix. Materials and Methods: A total of 54 samples reported in Pap smear as cervical intraepithelial lesions and suspicious for invasive malignancies were selected and correlated with corresponding histopathological findings. It was an observational study done for a period of 18 months from November 2016 to May 2018 at UCMS-TH. All the statistical evaluation was done by using SPSS version 20. Results: During the study period 54 cases were evaluated. Atypical Squamous Cell of Undetermined Significance was the common abnormal findings in the Pap smear with frequency of 26 (48.1%). Out of total 54 cases of Pap smears, 30 (55.55%) were concordant while discrepancies occurred in 24(44.44%) cases with cervical biopsy. Conclusions: The study revealed a good correlation between cervical cytology and cervical biopsy. We also concluded that conventional Pap smear is a cost effective test for the early detection of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions.

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Patchiness in distribution of rodents and mustelids in New Zealand forests

Wildlife Research ◽

10.1071/wr09088 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alison Fern Watkins ◽

Judith L. McWhirter ◽

Carolyn M. King

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Uniform Distribution ◽

Rattus Rattus ◽

Mixed Forest ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

The North ◽

Cost Effective Method ◽

Density Indices

Context. Relative density indices assuming uniform distribution of the target species are often the only cost-effective method for monitoring a population over the long term and at landscape scale, and the only source of valuable historical data. Yet, theoretical models emphasise the dangers of ignoring spatial heterogeneity, especially in short-term field data. Aims. To test whether Brown’s index of patchiness (BIP) can offer a simple means of checking rodent and mustelid survey data for violations of the assumption of uniform distribution. Methods. We use BIP to interrogate long-term legacy data collected by index trapping of mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus) and stoats (Mustela erminea) in New Zealand forests. Key results. We found evidence of moderately patchy distributions that were independent of abundance in all three species. In two South Island beech (Nothofagus) forest valleys, 19% (6 of 31) of mouse samples and 8% (3 of 36) of stoat samples were significantly patchy, correlated with a seedfall event; in mixed forest at Pureora in the North Island, significant patchiness in distribution of ship rats was recorded in 19% (16 of 84) of Fenn trap samples and 5% (2 of 42) of rodent trap samples. Conclusions. Moderate patchiness is common. The consequences for any given study depend on the purpose of the work, but may be more important for practical management than for population modeling.

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The Need for In-Situ Pipe Support Testing

ASME 2004 Power Conference ◽

10.1115/power2004-52031 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Gerry May

Keyword(s):

Creep Damage ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Piping System ◽

Design Load ◽

Cost Effective Method ◽

Accelerated Creep ◽

Constant Support ◽

Full Operation

Pipe support functionality is critical to the long term life of piping system. Spring supports degrade with time due to flexing in the spring and wear in constant support bearings. It is not unusual to measure constant support hangers with resistance 25% to 50% different than the design load. This leads to excessive sustained pipe stress, pipe sag (or uplift), and in high temperature systems, accelerated creep damage. Supports may also not move properly from shut down to full operation, which can create excessive fatigue stress, failed hanger components, and other piping system damage. In-situ hanger testing has been found to be a reliable and cost effective method to determine the functionality of pipe supports. Results are used as input to set revised recommended loads, and to determine if any hangers need to be replaced. This paper provides examples of the types of problems that are often found in the field, the method to test, and typical resolutions to maximize the pipe life and minimize the risk of failure.

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THE BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY PERFLUOROCARBON TRACER TECHNOLOGY: A PROVEN AND COST EFFECTIVE METHOD TO VERIFY INTEGRITY AND MONITOR LONG TERM PERFORMANCE OF WALLS, FLOORS, CAPS, AND COVER SYSTEMS.

10.2172/794044 ◽

2002 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. HEISER ◽

T. SULLIVAN

Keyword(s):

National Laboratory ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽

Cost Effective Method ◽

Cover Systems ◽

Long Term Performance ◽

Term Performance

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Comparison between Thin Prep® Preparation (Liquid Based Cytology) and Conventional Pap Smears of Cervical Smear Cytology Lesions – A Study from Kanyakumari, Tamilnadu, India

Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.14260/jemds/2021/335 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (21) ◽

pp. 1611-1615

Author(s):

Premalatha A. ◽

Velayutham Sumathi

Keyword(s):

Pap Smear ◽

Cervical Cytology ◽

Pap Smears ◽

Low Grade ◽

Age Group ◽

Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion ◽

Cervical Smear ◽

Intraepithelial Lesion ◽

Liquid Based Cytology ◽

Pap Method

BACKGROUND The major cause of mortality among women is cancer of the uterine cervix. It is the second most common cancer worldwide. Pap smear is done as a method of cervical screening to detect precancerous and cancerous lesions of the cervix. Early detection of these lesions prevent the number of deaths from cervical cancer. Liquid based cervical cytology was developed to improve the diagnostic accuracy of pap smears. The main purpose of this study was to compare the profile of distribution of cervical smear cytology lesions obtained by thin prep preparation (liquid based cytology) and conventional pap method among women in the age group of 25 – 60 yrs. METHODS This is a cross sectional study done among 110 women from the outpatient department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Conventional and liquid based cytology smears were taken simultaneously from the same women and reported according to the 2001 Bethesda system. RESULTS Majority of the women included in this study fall in the age group of 41 - 50 years [65 (59.1 %)]. Women with a history of persistant vaginal infection were 13 (11.8 %). Out of the 110 pap smears taken by both conventional and liquid based methods, unsatisfactory smears were not detected in liquid based cytology and 6 (5.5 %) unsatisfactory smears were found in conventional pap method. In liquid based cytology, inflammatory smears were detected more (80 %), atrophic smears (2.7 %), smears with features of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) were 4.5 %, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) were 3.6 %, and smears with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) were 0.9 %. Epithelial cell abnormalities were found to be high in liquid based cytology. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal epithelial lesions were detected more in liquid based cytology (thin prep method). The number of unsatisfactory smears were found to be decreased when compared to conventional pap method. KEY WORDS Bethesda Cervical Cytology, Cervical intraepithelial lesion, Conventional Pap Smear, Liquid Based Cytology Smear

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Unconsented linkage between dormant trials and administrative data: practical and regulatory implications

International Journal for Population Data Science ◽

10.23889/ijpds.v3i2.472 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maximiliane Verfuerden ◽

Mary Fewtrell ◽

Kathy Kennedy ◽

Alan Lucas ◽

John Jerrim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Administrative Data ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Trial Data ◽

Match Trial ◽

Formula Milk ◽

Individual Level ◽

Cost Effective Method ◽

Ethical Approval ◽

Education Records

Half of all infants are fed formula milk. However, attrition biases evidence on the long-term safety of formula ingredients. We used unconsented linkage between administrative education and health records of 3,500 young people who were randomised as infants to formula milks, to determine long-term safety and efficacy. We discuss the steps that were implemented to safeguard the participants' privacy and achieve ethical and multi-institutional approvals. Achieving provisional ethical approval took 41 days. Achieving agreement-in-principle to match trial data to individual-level education records took 4 months and 2 weeks, while agreement to match trial data to individual level hospital records is still underway (5.5 months so far). Delays in institutional approval were largely due to unharmonised data security certificates between the two government departments holding the health and education records. Digitising all handwritten participant identifiers prior to linkage took 9 months. Results on the success of linkage between trial and education records will be presented at the conference. While directly contributing to the evidence around infant-formula-composition, this project will also act as a proof-of-concept study. Unconsented linkage between dormant RCTs and administrative data could be a novel and cost-effective method to generate evidence on the long-term efficacy and safety of interventions.

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Land Application of Biosolids in the USA: A Review

Applied and Environmental Soil Science ◽

10.1155/2012/201462 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 152

Author(s):

Qin Lu ◽

Zhenli L. He ◽

Peter J. Stoffella

Keyword(s):

Best Management Practices ◽

Management Practices ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Land Application ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Best Management ◽

Cost Effective Method ◽

The Usa ◽

Potential Risks

Land application of biosolids has proven a cost-effective method of waste disposal by beneficially recycling organic matter and nutrients and improving soil quality; however, it may also pose potential threat to the environment and human health. The purpose of this paper is to provide information on recent research progresses and regulation efforts regarding land application of biosolids, including forms and types and nutrient values of biosolids, environmental and health concerns, and related best management practices (BMPs) of biosolids application, with emphasis on its land application in agriculture. More research and regulations are expected to minimize potential risks of biosolids land application, especially its long-term impacts.

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