scholarly journals A MULTI-MODEL APPROACH TO SIMULATE THE STORM SURGE AT PUERTO RICO DUE TO HURRICANES IRMA AND MARIA

2018 ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
David F. Kelly ◽  
Ewelina Luczko ◽  
Michael Fullarton ◽  
Yahia Kala
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Wind Pressure ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Model Approach

In this paper we present the results of a multimodel approach to simulating the recent storm surges due to hurricanes Irma and Maria. The study focuses on Puerto Rico which, as a consequence of hurricane Maria, experienced storm surge around the entire perimeter of the island. In this study the storm tide is modeled using a variety of state-of-the-art 2DH numerical models. All models are based on the long wave assumption and employ the Non-Linear Shallow Water (NLSW) equations. The models vary according to the form of the governing NLSW equations that they employ. Differences include linearization and primitive variable or conserved variable (divergence) form. The numerical solution techniques used to solve the governing equations, as well as the options available for the wind, pressure, tidal forcing terms and wetting/drying techniques also vary between (and within) the models.

scholarly journals Storm surge development in the Southern North Sea and the Elbe river in Europe during the last century and its practical application

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-514
Author(s):  
GABRIELE GONNERT ◽  
WINFRIED SIEFERT
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Elbe River ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Southern North Sea ◽  
European North ◽  
The Elbe River

ABSTRACT. The development of storm surges during the last century in the European North Sea and the Elbe River is presented. The results show an increase in the number of the storm tides and the storm surge curves, but no increase in the level. The reason for the increase of the storm surge curves - especially those with more than one storm tide crest - must be an increase of the wind duration. With the analyses of the storm surge curve and the storm surge peak, it is possible to calculate the design dike level.    

scholarly journals ON THE EFFECT OF CONFIGURATIONS OF THE COAST ON THE STORM SURGES IN THE ISE BAY

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Tanaka ◽  
Akira Murota
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Tokyo Bay ◽  
Wind Drift ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Water Rise ◽  
Predominant Factor ◽  
Topographical Effect ◽  
Wind Blow ◽  
Sea Coast

Wind drift is generally considered as the predominant factor of the storm surge along the sea coast. Authors noticed the fact that the duration of the wind blow of any direction is not long even at a big typhoon, while the storm surges more than 2 m are sometimes observed in the interiors of Osaka-, Ise-, and Tokyo-bay, and they have studied on another factor which might cause such water rise. A hump of water caused by a low atomospheric pressure transmits in the manner of a long wave and is deformed under the topographical effect when it comes into a bay. Authors are intending to show that the build-up of water due to topographical effect is sometimes larger than that occurring by wind drift. In this paper, the calculation was carried on neglecting the effect of wind drift and its result was compared with the observed value.

scholarly journals Storm Surge Causes and Different Variations

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Park Mao
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Normal Movement ◽  
Coastal Flood

A storm surge, storm flood or storm tide is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low pressure weather systems (such as tropical cyclones and strong extra-tropical cyclones), the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, as well as the timing of tides. Most casualties during tropical cyclones occur as the result of storm surges. It is a measure of the rise of water beyond what would be expected by the normal movement related to tides. The two main meteorological factors contributing to a storm surge are a long fetch of winds spiraling inward toward the storm, and a low-pressure-induced dome of water drawn up under and trailing the storm's center.

scholarly journals Numerical experiments of storm winds, surges, and waves on the southern coast of Korea during Typhoon Sanba: the role of revising wind force

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3279-3295 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Yoon ◽  
J. S. Shim ◽  
K. S. Park ◽  
J. C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Wind Force ◽  
Study Results

Abstract. The southern coastal area of Korea has often been damaged by storm surges and waves due to the repeated approach of strong typhoons every year. The integrated model system is applied to simulate typhoon-induced winds, storm surges, and surface waves in this region during Typhoon Sanba in 2012. The TC96 planetary boundary layer wind model is used for atmospheric forcing and is modified to incorporate the effect of the land's roughness on the typhoon wind. Numerical experiments are carried out to investigate the effects of land-dissipated wind on storm surges and waves using the three-dimensional, unstructured grid, Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM), which includes integrated storm surge and wave models with highly refined grid resolutions along the coastal region of complex geometry and topography. Compared to the measured data, the numerical models have successfully simulated storm winds, surges, and waves. Better agreement between the simulated and measured storm winds has been found when considering the effect of wind dissipation by land roughness. In addition, this modified wind force leads to clearly improved results in storm surge simulations, whereas the wave results have shown only slight improvement. The study results indicate that the effect of land dissipation on wind force plays a significant role in the improvement of water level modeling inside coastal areas.

scholarly journals Numerical experiments of storm winds, surges, and waves on the southern coast of Korea during Typhoon Sanba: the role of revising wind force

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 5315-5360
Author(s):  
J. J. Yoon ◽  
J. S. Shim ◽  
K. S. Park ◽  
J. C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Wind Force ◽  
Study Results

Abstract. The southern coastal area of Korea has often been damaged by storm surges and waves, due to the repeated approach of strong typhoons every year. The integrated model system is applied to simulate typhoon-induced winds, storm surges, and surface waves in this region during Typhoon Sanba in 2012. The TC96 (planetary boundary layer model) wind model is used for atmospheric forcing and is modified to incorporate the effect of the land's roughness on the typhoon wind. Numerical experiments are carried out to investigate the effects of land-dissipated wind on storm surges and waves using a three dimensional, unstructured grid, Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM), which includes integrated storm surge and wave models with highly refined grid resolutions along the coastal region of complex geometry and topography. Compared to the measured data, the numerical models have successfully simulated storm winds, surges, and waves. Better agreement between the simulated and measured storm winds has been found when considering the effect of wind dissipation by land roughness. In addition, this modified wind force leads to clearly improved results in storm surge simulations, whereas the wave results have shown only slight improvement. The study results indicate that the effect of land dissipation on wind force plays a significant role in the improvement of water level modeling inside coastal areas.

scholarly journals Maximum Storm Tide Response to the Intensity of Typhoons and Bathymetric Changes along the East Coast of Taiwan

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Cheng Liu ◽  
Wei-Bo Chen ◽  
Lee-Yaw Lin
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Return Period ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Astronomical Tide ◽  
Extreme Flooding ◽  
Bathymetric Changes

A typhoon-induced storm surge is considered one of the most severe coastal disasters in Taiwan. However, the combination of the storm surge and the astronomical tide called the storm tide can actually cause extreme flooding in coastal areas. This study implemented a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to account for the interaction between tides and storm surges on the coast of Taiwan. The model was validated with observed water levels at Sauo Fish Port, Hualien Port, and Chenggong Fish Port under different historical typhoon events. The model results are in reasonable agreement with the measured data. The validated model was then used to evaluate the effects of the typhoon's intensity, bathymetric change, and the combination of the typhoon’s intensity and bathymetric change on the maximum storm tide and its distribution along the east coast of Taiwan. The results indicated that the maximum storm tide rises to 1.92 m under a typhoon with an intensity of a 100-year return period. The maximum storm tide increased from a baseline of 1.26 m to 2.63 m for a 90% bathymetric rise at Sauo Fish Port under the conditions of Typhoon Jangmi (2008). The combination of the intensity of a typhoon with a 100-year return period and a 90% bathymetric rise will result in a maximum storm tide exceeding 4 m, 2 m, and 3 m at Sauo Fish Port, Hualien Port, and Chenggong Fish Port, respectively. We also found that the distribution of the maximum storm tide on the east coast of Taiwan can expand significantly subject to the bathymetric rise.

scholarly journals Understanding Hurricane Storm Surge Generation and Propagation Using a Forecasting Model, Forecast Advisories and Best Track in a Wind Model, and Observed Data—Case Study Hurricane Rita

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abram Musinguzi ◽  
Muhammad K. Akbar ◽  
Jason G. Fleming ◽  
Samuel K. Hargrove
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Wind Pressure ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Wind Model ◽  
Meteorological Forcing ◽  
Hurricane Rita

Meteorological forcing is the primary driving force and primary source of errors for storm surge forecasting. The objective of this study was to learn how forecasted meteorological forcing influences storm surge generation and propagation during a hurricane so that storm surge models can be reliably used to forecast actual events. Hindcasts and forecasts of Hurricane Rita (2005) storm surge was used as a case study. Meteorological forcing or surface wind/pressure fields for Hurricane Rita were generated using both the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) full-scale forecasting model along with archived hurricane advisories ingested into a sophisticated parametric wind model, namely Generalized Asymmetric Holland Model (GAHM). These wind fields were used to forecast Rita storm surges. Observation based wind fields from the OceanWeather Inc. (OWI) Interactive Objective Kinematic Analysis (IOKA) model, and Best track wind data ingested into the GAHM model were used to generate wind fields for comparison purposes. These wind fields were all used to hindcast Rita storm surges with the ADvanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) model coupled with the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model in a tightly coupled storm surge-wave model referred to as ADCIRC+SWAN. The surge results were compared against a quality-controlled database of observed data to assess the performance of these wind fields on storm surge generation and propagation. The surge hindcast produced by the OWI wind field performed the best, although some high water mark (HWM) locations were overpredicted. Although somewhat underpredicted, the WRF wind fields forecasted wider surge extent and wetted most HWM locations. The hindcast using the Best track parameters in the GAHM and the forecast using forecast/advisories from the National Hurricane Center (NHC) in the GAHM produced strong and narrow wind fields causing localized high surges, which resulted in overprediction near landfall while many HWM locations away from wind bands remained dry.

Storm Surges in the Southern Beaufort Sea

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 2362-2376 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Henry ◽  
N. S. Heaps
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Wind Stress ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Beaufort Sea ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Operational Forecasting ◽  
Detailed Simulation

Evidence of storm surge occurrence in the Canadian sector of the southern Beaufort Sea is reviewed and distinctions are drawn between surges occurring in the absence and presence of ice cover. Two numerical models are described, one intended for detailed simulation of past surges, the other a compact, economical model designed for operational forecasting of surges. The associated system used to obtain the required wind-stress input to the numerical models is also discussed.

scholarly journals CALIBRATION OF A HURRICANE STORM SURGE PROGRAM

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (14) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Noble ◽  
James A. Hendrickson
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Numerical Verification ◽  
Numerical Techniques ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Plant Safety ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant Safety ◽  
Hurricane Storm Surge

The "Bathystrophic Storm Tide Theory" is used to predict open-coast storm surge due to major hurricanes. The model described here is used to calculate storm-surge effects such as flood elevations needed for designing nuclear power plant safety related structures. In order to establish the model's viability the numerical techniques have been verified and the model calibrated using available field data. Numerical verification was performed for special cases where the governing equations of the model could be analytically solved. Inherent in the governing storm-tide equations are certain undetermined coefficients that describe the effects of wind drag and bottom friction. These coefficients were determined by correlating computer predicted results to hurricane storm surge hydrographs of record. As a result of this study, we find excellent agreement between computer predicted and analytical results.

scholarly journals A NOVEL HIGH-RESOLUTION STORM SURGE FORECAST FOR THE GERMAN BIGHT

2018 ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Sebastian Niehüser ◽  
Sönke Dangendorf ◽  
Arne Arns ◽  
Jürgen Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Weather Forecast ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Numerical Weather Forecast ◽  
Model Output Statistics

Storm surges are one of the most dangerous natural hazards in coastal areas and have the ability to cause great damages including fatalities. To be prepared when another storm surge hits the coast, reliable storm surge forecasts are indispensable. Storm surge warnings are routinely provided for selected tide gauge locations along a coastline through state-of-the-art forecast systems. In Germany, the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) (in cooperation with the German Weather Service (DWD)) have the responsibility for storm surge forecasts and warnings along the German North and Baltic Sea coastlines. The operational system in place for the North Sea consists of numerical weather forecast systems, a surge model and model output statistics. It provides accurate high frequency water level forecasts up to six days ahead at selected tide gauge sites (Müller-Navarra and Knüpfer, 2010), but not for the coastline in between. Spatial forecasts are, however, currently not available for two reasons: first, the shallow coast with complex morphological structures leads to strong non-linearities between individual sites hampering simple interpolation schemes (Arns et al. 2015). Second, tidal predictions are limited to tide gauge locations, which do not fall dry during low tide, since the traditional estimation of tidal coefficients requires complete time series covering both low and high waters.

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