Physiology of lactation and machine milking in dromedary she-camel

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Kaskous
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Increase Milk Production ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
Milking Machine

Dromedary camels have the capability and the genetic potential to achieve high levels of milk production. However, systematic breeding programs to increase milk production are not common in this species. Dromedary camels are not well adapted to machine milking. Milk removal obviously requires in most farms a pre-stimulation through calf suckling before the milking machine can completely harvest the stored milk. In camels, most of the milk is stored in the alveolar compartment (>90-95%) of the udder. Therefore, almost no milk can be obtained in the absence of milk ejection. In addition, the morphological, anatomical and physiological properties of the camel udder are complex and not fully understood. Because of all biological and economical limitations related to machine milking dromedary camels are mostly hand-milked. The introduction of machine milking makes only slow progress and is limited to intensive dairy camel farms in a few countries. Machine milking of dromedary camels showed so far acceptable results. However, some studies clearly showed that udder emptying by machine milking with the available equipment is not satisfactory. The amount of residual milk after machine milking is high and was up to 30 % or even more of the stored milk in some studies. This means that the used machine needs to be improved to fit the camel's udder. Nevertheless, some studies clearly showed that a major proportion of dromedary camels have a suitable machine milking ability.

Oxytocin and cortisol release during suckling, hand-milking and machine milking in camels

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Marwa Brahmi ◽  
Moufida Atigui ◽  
Ihmen Hammadi ◽  
Jacques Portanguen ◽  
Mohamed Hammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Physiological Consequence ◽  
Peak Release ◽  
Cortisol Release ◽  
Concentration Patterns

Abstract This research paper addresses the hypothesis that oxytocin (OT) could be released during suckling and during milking with and without the presence of a calf and that this release could be regulated by maternal behaviour. Plasma concentration patterns of OT and cortisol (CORT) were measured in six Tunisian dromedary camels during 2 suckling episodes, 2 manual milking episodes with calves beside the mother and 2 machine milking episodes without calves present. Various patterns of OT release were observed between each camel including specific two peak release patterns. Higher plasma OT concentrations were found during the suckling and hand-milking episodes with simultaneous suckling of calves, than during the machine milking episodes without calves. Exclusive mechanical milking episodes also evoked significant mean OT release, although greatly reduced compared to suckling and hand milking. The low basal levels and classical CORT release patterns suggested non-stressful management practices were used and there were very limited differences in udder stimulation between managements. The OT release induced by exclusive suckling and suckling together with hand-milking gives a reference point for what a good milk ejection stimulation is in camels. The important and specific reduction of OT release during machine milking without the calf present could be a physiological consequence of the maternal behaviour (selectivity for the own young) and to a lesser extent explained by a lower stimulation by machine milking.

Effect of stimulation intensity on oxytocin release before, during and after machine milking

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Weiss ◽  
Alen Dzidic ◽  
Rupert M Bruckmaier
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Flow Profile ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Oxytocin Release ◽  
Stimulation Period ◽  
Stimulation Of

Release of oxytocin (OT) is essential for milk ejection in dairy cows (Lefcourt & Akers, 1983; Bruckmaier & Blum, 1998). During milk ejection, alveolar milk is shifted into the cistern, which causes an increase of intracisternal pressure (Bruckmaier et al. 1994). To initiate maximum milk ejection at the start of milking, increasing OT concentration beyond a threshold level is sufficient (Schams et al. 1983). Increasing OT concentration beyond this threshold has no additional effect on intracisternal pressure, i.e., milk ejection (Bruckmaier et al. 1994). Stimulatory effects of milking by hand or by machine or by suckling are well documented (Gorewit et al. 1992; Bar-Peled et al. 1995; Tancin et al. 1995; Bruckmaier & Blum, 1996). At the start of milking, stimulatory effects of machine milking without pre-stimulation or with a manual pre-stimulation and subsequent machine milking cause the release of comparable amounts of OT (Gorewit & Gassman, 1985; Mayer et al. 1985; Bruckmaier & Blum, 1996), whereas the timing of the applied pre-stimulation is important for the shape of the milk flow curve. Should the pre-stimulation period be too short, or absent altogether, the start of the main milk flow is delayed resulting in a bimodal milk flow profile (Bruckmaier & Blum, 1996). Furthermore, the stimulation of only one teat causes an OT release similar to that caused by stimulation of all four teats (Bruckmaier et al. 2001). However, milk production is greater for hand milking or suckling than for machine milking, possibly owing to higher OT concentrations (Gorewit et al. 1992; Bar-Peled et al. 1995).

scholarly journals JUSTIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTIVE-REGIME PARAMETERS OF VARIABLE RUBBER OF VARIABLE SECTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Hrytsun ◽  
Ihor Babyn
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Engineering Calculation ◽  
Vacuum Pressure ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Vibration Effect ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milking Machine

Domestic and foreign industries do not produce milking machines that would fully comply with the physiology of animals. Full milking of the udder and reduction of cows with ma-stit significantly depends on the operation of the milking machine. The quality of serial milking cups does not fully meet modern zootechnical requirements. In the process of their work, especially at the beginning and at the end of milking cows, "idle" milking can take place at nominal vacuum. Milking at high vacuum often irritates the teat sphincter, which often causes mastitis in animals, followed by cancer. Also, along with the growth of milk production, its quality is extremely important. The main technical solutions for milking machines with controlled change of vacuum pressure are analyzed. Some theoretical and experimental studies of the milking machine, which provides a reduction of the vacuum load on the udder and a rigid vibration effect on the teat sphincter at nominal vacuum in the process of machine milking cows. Despite the many known solutions to improve the milking machine, the task of creating a design that combines high productivity and stimulation of the reflex remains relevant. Designs of milking machines are now being improved mainly in two directions, namely - the development of milking machines that allow you to adjust the operating parameters depending on the level of milk yield and design improvements of milking machines that stimulate the milk reflex without causing the animal negative effects. Theoretical studies of the working process of machine milking allowed to systematize the method of engineering calculation of the milking machine with controlled mode of vacuum pressure on the teats of the cow and to determine the optimal design parameters of the executive mechanisms. The obtained analytical expressions characterize the influence of their parameters and mode of operation on the dynamics of milk production during machine milking of cows.

Technical Development of Milking Machines

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.N. Akam
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Technical Development ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Cattle Feeding ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Made In

The milking machine has a unique place in the mechanization of dairy farming. It is, as yet, the only fully successful and almost universally accepted machine used directly with cattle and the rates of its acceptance and development have to a large extent governed the trends in other methods of milk production. The direct effects of machine milking on labour usage are very evident. One milker took an hour to hand-milk about 10 cows whereas he can now machine - milk 60 to 100 in the same time. The indirect effects are less obvious but at least as important. The progress of the mechanization of milking has required changes to be made in cattle housing, bedding methods, effluent handling, cattle feeding and made possible new systems of milk production. In a meeting on the mechanization of livestock production a brief review of the trends in milking machine development is useful. Although the development of mechanical milking has had major far-reaching effects on livestock husbandry the changes are not rapid and major innovations such as the development of milking parlours take many years to become assimilated into farming practice.

scholarly journals Challenges for establishing a modern reindeer dairy industry (In Norwegian with Summary in English)

Rangifer ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hallvard Gjøstein ◽  
Knut Maristuen ◽  
Olaf Ødegaard ◽  
Asgrim Opdal ◽  
Øystein Holand
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Field Season ◽  
Wooden Stick ◽  
And Training ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Group 1

To achieve efficient milk ejection has been a recurrent problem in machine milking of reindeer does. The field season 2004 was a breakthrough for an efficient and complete milk let down in reindeer. The proportion of residual milk was reduced as lactation progressed; from around 40-50% at start of the milking in mid June to around 10-15% in late August, suggesting that habituation and training are important factors for triggering the ejection. We performed an experiment including 3 treatments; 1) Calves equipped with a "kjevle" (a wooden stick placed in the mouth of the calves making them unable to suckle but keeping their grazing ability intact) for 8 - 14 hrs dependent of lactation stage, followed by milking of the does, 2) Physically separation of the mothers and their calves for 8 - 14 hrs dependent of lactation stage, followed by milking of the does and 3) Permanent separation of females and calves at start of the milking period and females milked twice per day. The females and calves in group 1 and 2 were rejoined after the "kjevle" and separation period. The females in these two groups were milked every second day. The "kjevle" treatment apparently works better than physical separ¬ation according to welfare parameters and proportion milk ejected in the first part of the milking period. Permanent separation did also work well and permits that the whole production after separation can be utilized. However, in order to keep up the milk production frequent milkings are required during the first days of separation. The growth of the calves was high and did not differ between treatments. This suggests that the calves are able to compensate the reduced milk intake by increasing their intake of forages.

scholarly journals Milk production process, quality and technological properties of milk for the use of various types of milking machines

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e51336
Author(s):  
Mariia Lutsenko ◽  
Oksana Halai ◽  
Victor Legkoduh ◽  
Iryna Lastovska ◽  
Oleksandr Borshch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Milk Ejection Reflex ◽  
Parallel Type

Studies have been carried out to evaluate the efficiency of using easy-assembled cow houses in modern milk production technologies for the use of high-productive milking plants of the type ‘Parallel’ and ‘Carousel’ with 32 machines each. It has been established that new types of premises not only provide comfortable conditions for the maintenance of highly productive cows, but also reduce the labor costs for their maintenance and, most importantly, allow the use of modern high-productive milking installations of the type ‘Parallel’ and ‘Carousel’. It has been established that the technology of preparation of cows for milking and milking technology provides more complete display of the milk ejection reflex at the installation of the ‘Parallel’ type. The average intensity of cows’ milk flows at this plant is 30% higher compared to those of the installation of ‘Carousel’ type, which is confirmed by the intensity of milk flow production at the first minute of milking, which is at the level of 2.97 against 1.85 kg min.-1 per installation of ‘Carousel’ type. Milk obtained using a milking installation of the ‘Parallel’ type has higher values of the mass fraction of fat and protein that is associated with the genetic potential of animals. According to physical, chemical and technological properties, milk obtained from milking installations such as ‘Parallel’ and ‘Carousel’ is within the limits of the standards in force. Milk obtained from the use of milking equipment such as ‘Carousel’ has higher electrical conductivity at the level of 4.6 mS cm-3, which is confirmed by a higher level of mastitis disease of cows. Due to bacterial contamination, reductase test and milk clot characteristic, milk obtained using a milk installation of ‘Parallel’ type also has higher quality indicators than the installation of ‘Carousel’ type. But according to the complex of indicators, milk obtained from various technologies of milking refers to the desired cheese-making class.

The influence of the milk ejection reflex on the flow rate during the milking of ewes

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Labussière ◽  
J. Martinet ◽  
R. Denamur
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
General Anaesthesia ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Recording System ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Milk Ejection Reflex ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
The Individual

SummaryIn order to obtain more information on the importance of the milk ejection reflex in the lactation of normal ewes, experiments were conducted to determine whether the neuroendocrine reflex is able to modify the parameters which characterize the flow rate of the milk under normal milking conditions.Ewes were allowed to suckle their lambs freely during the 3 days following parturition. They were then milked with a machine and the individual milk production was measured volumetrically at each milking. Different fractions obtained during milking (‘machine milk’, ‘machine strippings’ and ‘hand strippings’), and the milk flow, were measured using a sensitive recording system. In further experiments, machine milking was performed after intravenous administration of oxytocin, during general anaesthesia, and after unilateral or bilateral denervation of the mammary gland.The ewes fell into 2 categories: those giving most of their milk in 1 rapid emission, and those giving it in 2 quite separate emissions. The results indicated that the second emission found in some of the ewes was the milk emptied from the acini by the neuroendocrine ejection reflex. Disappearance of the second emission resulted from the administration of oxytocin before milking—which induces passage of the milk from the acini into the mammary cistern—and also from general anaesthesia or denervation of the mammary gland.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION OF SOME STRUCTURAL-TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF MILKING MACHINEWITH DRIVING DRIVING MODE

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Ihor Babyn ◽  
Anatoliy Hrytsun
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
The Impact

An analysis of the technical solutions of milking machines with controlled vacuum mode and theoretical studies of the operation of the milking machine actuator, which allows to reduce the vacuum load on the udder and the impact on the sphincter of the cervix and prevent "idle" milking in high vacuum in the machine process. The completeness of milking cows and reducing the incidence of their mastitis depends to some extent on the operation of milking equipment. Performance indicators of the technological process of serial milking equipment do not always fully comply with the current zootechnical requirements. During their work at the beginning and at the end of the milking of the animal there may be a process of "idle" milking at high vacuum, which often leads to the disease of animals with mastitis and subsequent culling. Along with the increase in milk production, quality is becoming extremely important. The analysis of the known technical solutions of milking machines with a controlled mode of milking shows that the domestic and foreign industry do not produce milking machines with a controlled mode of milking, which fully correspond to the physiology of animals. In our opinion, the most effective one is to consider a milking machine with a low-inertial milk flow sensor, which controls the vacuum mode, both in poddyah and interstitial chambers of milking glasses. Conducted theoretical studies of the working process of machine milking allowed to systematize the engineering calculation method of milking machine with a controlled mode of operation and to determine the optimal design parameters of the actuators. The analytical expressions obtained characterize the influence of their parameters and mode of operation on the dynamics of milk production during machine milking of cows.

scholarly journals Effect of various milking equipment on milk ejection in high-yielding cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
A.P. Paliy ◽  
K.V. Ishchenko ◽  
A.P. Palii
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Technological Support ◽  
Biological Objects ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Competitive Industry

Improving modern dairy farming is based on the industry's development, which means transforming livestock farming into a competitive industry. The development of its technical and technological support is closely related to its functional ability to realize the genetic potential of biological objects of production with high-quality products, which is the defining criterion for the competitiveness of machinery and technology at the industry’s present stage of development. The purpose of the research was to study milk production technology based on a comprehensive assessment and implementation of modern milking equipment, maximizing animals’ genetic potential and industry efficiency. We proved that applying the ‘DeLaval’ milking parlor under the same feeding and keeping animals ensured the proper completeness of milking and increased cows’ milk yield. During the first, third, and highest lactations, the milk yield was 226 kg (P=0.05), 266 kg (P=0.05), and 214 kg (P=0.05), respectively. After-milking when applying ADM-8A averaged 175 ml, and only 45 ml when applying the ‘DeLaval’ parlor. When using the ‘DeLaval’ milking equipment, the milk production intensity of cows was 1.43 kg/min, and, with ADM-8A, it was 1.24 kg/min, which is 0.19 kg/min (P=0.001), or 15.3% higher.

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