35. EPA's Response to the Need for Encouragement of Alternative Waste Treatment Techniques

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Grauitz
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Treatment Techniques

Arsenic. An environmental problem limited by solubility

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1843-1850 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Clara F. Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Redox Potentials ◽  
Carcinogenic Effect ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Treated Sewage ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Available Information

Arsenic is a toxic element for animals and the majority of plants, in spite of evidence that it is also an essential element. The long-term intake of small doses of arsenic has a carcinogenic effect. There are well-identified regions where arsenic ground water concen- trations can reach values higher than 2 mg/L. Water purification and waste treatment techniques based on (1) precipitation of calcium, magnesium, and iron(III) arsenates, and/or (2) adsorption or coprecipitation of arsenic oxyanions are unlikely to produce aqueous solutions with arsenic concentrations below the guideline values proposed for arsenic dissolved in potable water and treated sewage effluents. As(III) species are more toxic than As(V) species. Arsenate species are predominant at moderate and high redox potentials, while arsenite species occur under more reducing conditions. Metal arsenites are much more soluble than the corresponding metal arsenates, and arsenites are adsorbed less by solid phases. Remediation techniques must consider the available information on solubility and adsorptive properties of As(III) and As(V). The less-soluble lead and barium arsenates are not suitable for arsenic decontamination. New remediation methods must consider solubility data for arsenic-containing materials and minerals.

U.S. NAVY R&D EFFORTS IN SUPPORT OF OIL POLLUTION ABATEMENT STRATEGIES

1977 ◽  
Vol 1977 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hura ◽  
S. Finger
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Abatement Strategies ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Oily Waste

ABSTRACT During the past few years the Navy has become increasingly concerned with the detrimental environmental effects which may result from the oily waste discharges and oil spills from its ships and shore facilities. Thus, it is not surprising to find that the Navy has been embarked on a vigorous oil pollution abatement program designed to permit its ships and shore facilities to at least meet existing federal, state, and local environmental regulations.1 The basic strategy of the program has been to institute measures that will reduce the amount of oil being discharged into the environment wherever possible, before implementing oily waste treatment techniques. In implementing the oil pollution abatement program it became apparent in many instances that commercially available off-the-shelf systems were not suitable for direct Navy use. Strict space, weight, reliability and maintainability requirements associated with operational Navy units precluded, in many instances, the use of existing oil pollution abatement equipment. For these reasons, an extensive research and development program was initiated. Numerous in-house laboratories and private contractors have been actively involved in the development of a technology base required to support oil pollution abatement strategies. They have been instrumental in identifying the causes and magnitude of the problem, developing operational changes, and providing techniques and hardware to combat oil pollution. The most salient contributions of the program are shipboard oil/water separators for contaminated bilge and ballast wastes, real time oil-in-water monitors, and effluent oil spill containment and cleanup equipment.

Material Matters

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udo Pagga
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Treatment Techniques

In many European countries the controlled biological treatment of organic solid waste is a suitable method in waste management. Technical prerequisites such as collection and separation systems for household waste often exist and sufficient treatment facilities for controlled aerobic composting or even anaerobic digestion are available. Space for landfill is scarce and therefore expensive in many industrial countries and biotreatment is much cheaper than incineration. The advantage of composting compared to other waste treatment techniques is not only the relatively low costs but also the technical reasons. An obvious example is the direct disposal of packaging with alimentary residues and the subsequent biological treatment. Not only green waste from gardens or biowaste from kitchens can be treated, but any compostable material is in principle suitable, for example waste from the food industry or packaging and packaging materials made from paper, cardboard, wood, or biodegradable plastics. Biological treatment has already become a good way of meeting, for example, Germany legislative targets to reduce and recycle garbage.Prerequisites for controlled biological treatment are suitable technical facilities plus standards and directives for waste management. An example is the European packaging directive which harmonizes national measures concerning the management of packaging and packaging waste. The aim is to prevent any impact of the use of packaging on the environment or to reduce such an impact. For applying this directive and any similar regulations, it is important to have clear definitions, standardized test methods, and suitable evaluation criteria to identify biodegradable packaging materials and to differentiate compostable from noncompostable packaging materials which can commonly be used and the results of which are accepted by all parties concerned.

scholarly journals Biogas generation potential from anaerobic digestion of “Ponkan” and “Montenegrin” Tangerine peel waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. e24
Author(s):  
Rafael Vieira de Carvalho ◽  
Thais Cristina Campos de Abreu ◽  
Celso Romanel
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Treatment Techniques

Due to the increase in human damage caused to the environment, there is a need for remediation measures and techniques to be applied in favor of a sustainable future for upcoming generations. One of the sectors that have potential in the use of low carbon economy stocks is agribusiness. In fact, part of agribusiness is fruit growing which is one of the sectors of greatest Brazilian economic prominence, with a wide variety of crops produced throughout the country and in different climates. In the food production chain, there are several post-harvest losses and the consequent generation of large amounts of waste. Anaerobic digestion presents itself as an excellent and promising option for the treatment of food waste, contributing to the fight against the increase of polluting emissions and generating biogas for use as thermal or electric energy or even as a fuel to replace fossil fuels. The anaerobic digestion of organic waste is a biological process characterized by the absence of oxygen which through the metabolic activities of microorganisms causes the complex organic material to be converted mainly into methane and carbon dioxide. In a scenario where the production of waste around the world is growing more and more, efficient waste treatment techniques are essential to ensure lower greenhouse gas emissions in the environment. In this study, the biodegradation capacity of the substrate formed with “ponkan” and “montenegrin” tangerine peels was investigated through BMP (Biochemical Methane Potential) tests with the determination of water content, total solids, and volatile solids in samples of laboratory under ideal conditions of pH, temperature, and humidity. The tests were carried out over a period of twenty-one days, having been found, in general, a greater production of gas until the twelfth day of testing, with a gradual reduction until stabilization around the twentieth day. The results obtained in laboratory show that there is a positive potential in the generation of biogas using tangerine peels in relation to the peels of other fruits researched in the literature (orange, banana, among others), with a biogas generation potential of 615.38 NmL/gSV for “ponkan” tangerine peel and 565.84 NmL/gSV for “montenegrin” tangerine peel. Brazil, due to its vast territorial extension and favorable climatic conditions, stands out in the international agricultural market and, therefore, holds great potential in the scenario of energy change. Despite the high potential of waste generated in the country, technologies for recovering organic matter are still incipient and even unknown. The results of this research are yet another contribution to reaffirm and publicize the benefits of treating organic matter via anaerobic digestion, with significant economic, social, and environmental advantages.

scholarly journals Municipal Solid Waste in Turkey and its Relationship with the Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazim Onur Demirarslan ◽  
Ismet Yener
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Geographic Regions

The population of Turkey has grown rapidly in parallel with the rise in technology and industrialization. The increasing population of the country has triggered urbanization, and environmental problems have drawn attention. One of the issues resulting from urbanization is solid waste. Every object we use in our daily life is transformed into solid waste when its economic life has ended. The processes from the storage of these wastes to their disposal, often referred to as solid waste management, come under the municipalities' authority and responsibility. Waste must be processed with the least environmental impact. This study investigated the solid wastes in Turkey according to the geographic regions and their relationships with the population. Data collected are related to population data. Solid waste materials, their volumes, daily solid waste per capita, and the population of municipalities served by waste management and waste treatment techniques are also discussed in this study.Keywords: Disposal methods, Solid waste, Local government, Turkey

The desperate plea of women with the nutcracker syndrome

Phlebologie ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (02) ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
J. L. Villavicencio
Keyword(s):  
Renal Vein ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Left Renal Vein ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Nutcracker Syndrome ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Good Number ◽  
Pelvic Congestion

Summary Objective: To increase awareness on the severe impact of the nutcracker syndrome in women with undiagnosed disease. Patients and methods: We reviewed the medical literature and analyzed six representative series with 73 patients with nutcracker syndrome. Women with left flank pain, dyspareunia, dysuria, dysmenorrhea, micro- or macrohaematuria and pelvic congestion symptoms, should be carefully investigated for evidence of meso aortic left renal vein compression. A good number of our colleagues do not believe in the existence of the nutcracker syndrome and send these patients in a long pilgrimage in search of someone who can help them to get relief to their pain. New and improved imaging techniques can assist in the diagnosis but retrograde reno-gonadal phlebography and renocaval gradient are the most reliable diagnostic tools. Results: Among an assortment of treatment techniques, renal vein transposition and endovenous stenting were the two most commonly used procedures. There are no long term studies on renal vein stenting in children and young adults. Its use in these cases should be carefully considered. The nutcracker syndrome may present with pelvic congestion symptoms and its diagnosis missed. The patient's age, severity of symptoms and haemo dynamic renal studies should guide the treatment. Conclusion: An increased awareness of the existence of the nutcracker syndrome may prevent many unfortunate undiagnosed women from spending many months and often years of suffering.

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