THE EVALUATION OF PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES ON HAJJ CROWD BETWEEN ARAFAT AND MUZDALIFAH PEDESTRIAN STREET

Makkah is the holy city of Muslims which is located in the southwest of Saudi Arabia. It is the being visited by pilgrims from all nationalities every year for the annual Islamic Pilgrimage (Hajj). Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam which is the largest annual religious pilgrimage event in the world. The Hajj management authority specifies that the current pilgrimage’s performance is challenging due to the increase of pilgrims every year. Pedestrian conflicts and uncomfortable walking environment are the crucial issues that have been identified, which are due to insufficient pedestrian facilities. Hence, this paper presents the pedestrian facilities assessment between Arafat to Muzdalifah road. The objectives of the study are to determine the available pedestrian facilities for pilgrimage from Arafat to Muzdalifah, and to suggest the suitable solution for pedestrian facilities in every 5 minutes walks. Meanwhile, qualitative methods of site inventory and observation were applied to gather the related data on the selected study area. Possible pedestrian facilities design is suggested for the purpose of future Hajj improvement.

The Importance of Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring During Development and Operation of Underground Gas Storage Facilities

Natural gas consumption is expected to grow significantly in coming decades in response to cleaner energy initiatives. Underground gas storage (UGS) will be key to addressing supply and demand dynamics for this transition to be successful. This technical paper will demonstrate the importance of an integrated subsurface characterization and monitoring approach not only for the construction of UGS, but also to guarantee safe and efficient operation over many decades. Key to long-term success of UGS is maximizing working capacity with respect to volume and pressure and maintaining well injection and withdrawal capabilities. Initial assessment steps involve determination of maximum storage capacity and an estimation of required cushion gas volumes. In similar manner to conventional field evaluation, we perform an integrated geological, geophysical, petrophysical and geomechanical characterization of the subsurface. However, for UGS facilities, the impact of cyclic variations of reservoir pressures on subsurface behavior and cap rock integrity also needs to be evaluated to determine safe operating limits at every point in time during the life of the UGS project. The holistic approach described above allows the operator to optimize the number of wells, well placement, completion design, etc. to ensure long-term safe and efficient operations. Furthermore, close integration of subsurface understanding with optimization of surface facilities, such as the compression system, is another critical component to ensure optimum UGS performance and deliverability. Moreover, another important task of the final phase of UGS facilities design involves enablement of sustainable operation through an asset integrity management plan. This phase is articulated around reservoir surveillance plans that monitor pressure, rock deformation and seismicity, in addition to regular wellbore inspection. Through close operations monitoring and the utilization of advanced data analytics, observations are compared to existing models for validation and operation optimization. Importantly we show that adapted monitoring programs provide critical long-term insight regarding the field response during successive cycles, leading to significant improvement in working gas capacity. A key consideration of this integrated UGS development strategy is based on the seamless integration of subsurface characterization, wellbore construction and well completions to ensure technical and commercial flexibility. The approach also emphasizes the integration with surface facilities design to ensure a true "Storage to Consumer" view for effective de-bottlenecking. Coupled with integrated subsurface integrity monitoring, this ensures a faster, cost efficient and safe response to the construction and operation of UGS facilities.

Thinking about the Design of Commercial Industry Space Facilities under the Background of Epidemic Situation

Objects: Based on the changes of people's life, work and social mode during the epidemic, it also brings a series of problems and thoughts to our interior designers in the interior space design, especially in the public commercial industryspace. Methods: the design of commercial space should pay more attention to the space functions such as ventilation quality, light environment, convenient human flow, rapid evacuation and other space functions, as well as relevant indoor space and facilities. Results: when we design commercial space, we should pay more attention to the detailed design of space identification guidance, space furnishing arrangement, spatial light environment and space air quality. Inclusion: let the interior space facilities design of commercial space not only stay in the form of simple interface, but also return to the essence of commercial space, and continue the whole process service between building space and business space environment.

Sustainable Urban Facilities Design Based on Emotional Narratives

Emotional narration can provide innovative ideas for sustainable urban facilities. The design of sustainable urban facilities starts from the concept of emotional design, focuses on improving the user’s experience, implements innovative design process, extends the product life cycle, utilizes new sustainable materials, combines emotional factors with product functions, and gets more citizens participate in the design process. The research result shows that the gradual emotional narration thinking change from a single dimension to multiple dimensions can promote the design innovation, upgrades service of urban public facilities, and enhances the connection between users and urban facilities. It can be seen that a series of sustainable urban facilities designed based on emotional narration can serve as effective carriers for communication between urban residents and the city. Sustainable urban facilities with humanistic care are dedicated to making urban residents realize they cannot only enjoy the urban facilities, but also participate in the creation of better social environment

Digital simulation trial of hydroisostasy by finite element method

Hydroisostasy as a geodynamic phenomenon was discovered along investigation sea level changes of the World Ocean as result of intakes water to glaciers during Glacial period and releasing back during Interglacials. The water loads under sea level changes influenced the change of solid Earth shape and make the contribution to the vertical Earth crust movement along shorelines areas. A vertical shorelines movements are critical issue of the longtime living infrastructure coast facilities design with the overflooding and overdrainage forecast. The main method of hydroisostasy phenomenon investigation is remain the digital simulation. The global character of phenomenon require simulation involving all planet volume and detail accounting of the lithosphere and mantle layers features for each region which is forced to use 3-D modeling with high resolution and require big computing resources. Finite element method with ability to assign boundary conditions allow to use local-regions models with enough resolutions and take into accounts local lithosphere and mantle features without involving big computing resources. One of the free software packs with open code and possibility applying FEM for geodynamics simulations is — ELMER, software designed and supported by Finland CSC — IT CENTER FOR SCIENCE LTD. The trial applying of ELMER software packs for modeling hydroisostasy phenomenon for Earth interior conditions close to Deryugin depression in Okhotsk sea in this study has done. A plausible and encouraging result obtained for continuation of research in more detail.

DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES

The article continues the cycle of works on the preparation of industrial buildings for reconstruction and their examination. In this article, organizational and technological solutions are systematized, which are mandatory for use in the reconstruction of water treatment facilities. Design solutions for the reconstruction of treatment facilities are based on a new treatment technology.

Maximising Asset Value through Implementation of Dynamic Well Operating Envelop

Dynamic Well Operating Envelop (WOE) allows to ensure that well is maintained and operated within design limits and operated in the safe, stable and profitable way. WOE covers the Well Integrity, Reservoir constraints and Facility limitations and visualizes them on well performance chart (Hamzat et al., 2013). Design and operating limits (such as upper and lower completion/facilities design pressures, sand failure, erosion limitations, reservoir management related limitations etc) are identified and translated into two-dimensional WOE (pressure vs. flowrate) to ensure maximum range of operating conditions that represents safe and reliable operation are covered. VLP/IPR performance curves were incorporated based on latest Validated Well Model. Optimum well operating window represents the maximum range of operating conditions within the Reservoir constraints assessed. By introducing actual Well Performance data the optimisation opportunities such as production/injection enhancement identified. During generating the Well Operating Envelops tremendous work being done to rectify challenges such as: most static data (i.e. design and reservoir limitations) are not digitized, unreliable real-time/dynamic data flow (i.e. FTHP, Oil/Gas rates etc), disintegrated and unreliable well Models and no solid workflows for Flow assurance. As a pre-requisite the workflows being developed to make data tidy i.e.ready and right, and Well Model inputs being integrated to build updated Well Models. Successful WOE prototype is generated for natural and artificially lifted Oil and Gas wells. Optimisation opportunities being identified (i.e. flowline pressure reduction, reservoir stimulation and bean-up) Proactive maintenance is made possible through dynamic WOE as a real time exceptional based surveillance (EBS) tool which is allowing Asset engineers to conduct the well performance monitoring, and maintain it within safe, stable and profitable window. Additionally, it allows to track all Production Enhancement jobs and seamless forecasting for new opportunities.