The European Environmental Security Agenda

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-104
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Kantemnidis
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
European Security ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Security Community ◽  
The Many ◽  
First Time

Environmental security was established academically in the early 1980s in the United States. The threat of environmental issues to national security has been the dominant approach among the many distinct interpretations. In 2008, environmental concerns, particularly climate change, were addressed for the first time in the context of EU security. The European security community frequently considers environmental aspects; however, this is usually limited to a strategic level before moving to implementation. In this article, we illustrate how environmental security has evolved, how it has permeated the European security community, and how it might advance further to secure the security of European citizens better.

scholarly journals The Spy Power, Technological Innovations, and the Human Dimensions of Intelligence: Recent Presidential Abuse of America’s Secret Agencies

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Loch K Johnson
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Human Side ◽  
The Many

The purpose of national security intelligence is to provide policy officials with an advantage in the making of effective policy, based on the collection and analysis of accurate information from around the world that can help to illuminate a decision. Foreknowledge is invaluable in the service of a nation’s security; and, in the gathering of useful information, technological innovations in the world of intelligence can result in a stronger shield to protect citizens against the many dangers that lurk across the continents in this uncertain and hostile world.  Despite all the marvels of modern espionage tradecraft, the governments that rely on them must still deal with the human side of intelligence activities. Unfortunately, arrogance, shortsightedness, laziness, frenetic schedules, and the corrosive influences of power (among other flaws) often lead policy officials to ignore or warp the advantages they could accrue from advanced intelligence spycraft, if they would only use these sources and methods properly. This article examines some of the problems that imperfect human behavior has created for intelligence in the United States at the highest levels of government over the past two decades.

The Cauldron

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Weighill ◽  
Florence Gaub
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
United Nations ◽  
African Country ◽  
The United States ◽  
Joint Force ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Many ◽  
First Time

NATO’s Libya Operation was a first in several ways: the first time the alliance operated in an Arab and African country, the first time Arab partners participated in kinetic missions, the first time it executed a UN mandate designed to protect civilians and the first time the United States were not in the lead. This book is the first one to tell the operation’s story from all sides concerned: spanning the hallways of the United Nations in New York, NATO Headquarters in Brussels and, crucially, the two operational epicenters: the Libyan battlefield, and Joint Force Command Naples, which was in charge of the mission. Weighill and Gaub offer a comprehensive exploration of both the war's progression and the many challenges NATO faced, from its extremely rapid planning and limited understanding of Libya and its forces, to training shortfalls and the absence of post-conflict planning.

Canada

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-134
Author(s):  
Christian Leuprecht
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intelligence Community ◽  
Royal Canadian Mounted Police ◽  
Security Community ◽  
Expert Review ◽  
Accountability System ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto

Canada contrasts distinctly with the prominence of intelligence oversight in the United States, insofar as Canada stands out for a predominately ex post facto approach to reviewing intelligence. Recent changes, however, bolstered the role of oversight in Canada’s accountability system. Previously, only three of 16 agencies that make up Canada’s intelligence and security community were reviewed by independent expert review bodies. Critics, however, argued that review should be more encompassing, lamented constraints by the Canadian intelligence accountability system that made it difficult for review bodies to cooperate and the negligible role of Parliament in holding ISAs accountable. Recent legislation created a security-cleared committee of parliamentarians to review Canada’s security and intelligence community, an agency to review activity related to national security and intelligence as well as an independent commissioner to oversee certain ministerial intelligence authorizations. The chapter reviews member organizations of the Canada’s intelligence community, the strategic environment that has informed intelligence and accountability in Canada; national security threats to Canada; as well as internal and external dynamics that culminated in changes to Canada’s intelligence accountability architecture: the Civilian Review and Complains Commission of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the National Security and Intelligence Committee of Parliamentarians, the National Security and Intelligence Review Agency, and the Intelligence Commissioner. The prospect of the NSICOP, NSIRA, and the IC strengthening compliance and general operations of Canada’s intelligence and security community will be realized by how each fulfils its broad mandate in practice and the degree of cooperation among NSIRA, NSICOP, and CRCC.

Maritime Rivalry, Political Intervention and the Race to Antarctica: US–Chilean Relations, 1939–1949

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
JASON KENDALL MOORE
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maritime Policy ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
Political Intervention ◽  
Domestic Affairs ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Us Intervention

Throughout the nineteenth century, the United States and Chile competed for dominance in the Pacific, and their maritime rivalry reemerged in the race to Antarctica during the 1940s. The US Navy was able to circumnavigate the white continent, for the first time ever, while Chile's once great navy no longer posed a threat even to its neighbours. The Chilean government expressed concern about the scope of US exploration since the Antarctic always had been an essential component of its maritime policy with national security ramifications. President Gabriel González Videla seized upon Washington's unsuccessful attempts to determine the legal fate of the Antarctic to gain acceptance for a Chilean proposal that avoided the need to renounce sovereignty claims. In doing so, he secured essentially maritime objectives by diplomatic means. This success was more profound than widely appreciated since it came at a time when US intervention in Chile's domestic affairs had reached an unprecedented level.

scholarly journals AI Education in China and the United States: A Comparative Assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dahlia Peterson ◽  
◽  
Kayla Goode ◽  
Diana Gehlhaus
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Security ◽  
System Design ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Education Development ◽  
Security Community ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Education In China ◽  
The U.S

A globally competitive AI workforce hinges on the education, development, and sustainment of the best and brightest AI talent. This issue brief compares efforts to integrate AI education in China and the United States, and what advantages and disadvantages this entails. The authors consider key differences in system design and oversight, as well as strategic planning. They then explore implications for the U.S. national security community.

scholarly journals Does Sustainability Push to Reshape Business Models? Evidence from the European Wine Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Ouvrard ◽  
Sajjad M. Jasimuddin ◽  
Antonio Spiga
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Wine Production

The wine industry is not free from environmental concerns. The paper intends to explore the owners/managers’ interest in environmental sustainability issues in their business model and to empirically understand a business model in the wine industry. Taking a qualitative approach, this exploratory study allows us to observe the phenomenon in a natural setting. Eleven interviewees were selected from wineries based in France and Italy. The study reveals that sustainability is an important issue in wine businesses that shapes the business model. Highlighting the environmental aspects of wine production, the four components of a business model, i.e., performance, resources, innovation, and value creation (PRIV), have emerged from the interviews. The sustainability and environmental issues are reflected in business models in the wine industry. The paper explains how these components of a business model work together to ensure sustainability practices by wine producers. This study proposes a model for future applications in winery businesses. The paper helps to understand that wine producers are very keen on environmentally friendly wine businesses.

Hong Kong opposition may split over delayed election

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
National Security ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Legal Pressure ◽  
First Time ◽  
Real Chance

Significance The current Council will sit until then. The administration justified its decision on the basis of a spike in coronavirus cases, but many believe it is an effort to hamper the opposition, which for the first time stood a real chance of winning a majority despite an electoral system skewed against it. Impacts Despite losing confidence in Hong Kong, other countries will probably not alter their treatment of it as much as the United States has. Referring to decision to postpone the election to Beijing weakens the legal wall between Hong Kong and mainland China. The Hong Kong government will continue to exert legal pressure on prominent activists, including application of the National Security Law.

scholarly journals The importance of environmental aspects of packaging

1994 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
Jacqueline L. Spence ◽  
David A. Ogg
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
International Trends ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Consumer Perspective ◽  
Functional Viewpoint

Increasing attention is being paid to packaging, a component of product in the marketing mix. It is being recognized that packaging is important not only from a functional viewpoint, but also in terms of marketing to the customer. One of the constraints on packaging is environmental issues. These are becoming increasingly important internationally, from both a legislative and consumer perspective. In this study the perceptions of the members of the packaging value chain as regards the functional, marketing and environmental issues surrounding packaging are examined. It is found that functional aspects appear to be the most important, followed by marketing aspects. Environmental concerns are rated as unimportant. This is despite evidence that these issues should be regarded with increasing importance based on international trends. However, the relative importance of environmental packaging issues is greatest amongst raw-material suppliers, followed by packaging and fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) suppliers. Retailers have the least interest.

scholarly journals How the EU supports the Bush doctrine

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Zyla
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
European Security ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
Bush Doctrine ◽  
National Security Strategy ◽  
The U.S

Soon after the terrorist attacks on September 11th, the Bush administration announced a new national security strategy. Soon thereafter, this strategic document was denounced in European capitals as ‘cowboyesk’ and isolationist. Particular dislike was announced about the strategy of pre-emption in domestic affairs of other states. Under this plan Washington reserved the right to send U.S. soldiers abroad to intervene in countries before they can pose a threat to the United States. In addition, many officials in Europe rejected Washington’s assertion of withdrawing from its membership in the international criminal court, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, and the Kyoto Protocol; it was perceived as a unilateralist foreign policy that rejects America’s responsibility in the world. However, what some analysts and commentators neglect to see is that the Bush doctrine also shows elements of Wilsonianism, a policy named after former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson who stood for promoting democracy, human rights, freedom and effective in international affairs. The European Union published their first security strategy a year after the U.S. published theirs. Interestingly, Brussels advocated similar strategies and concepts to the US strategy. Similarities can be see in both strategies in their messianic approach to create a better world and promote more international oder. This paper argues that despite the unilateralist tone of the current U.S. national security policy, the European strategy and its American counterpart share the same values of how to conduct and what to achieve in international affairs. Consequently, the two strategies can be seen as complementary to each other, not contradictory. The paper will first address the nature of the U.S. national security strategy before analyzing the European security strategy while making reference, in both cases, to the Wilsonian tradition of international affairs.

Climate Change and Environmental Security

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen A. Mahoney-Norris ◽  
Derek S. Reveron
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
National Security ◽  
International Security ◽  
World Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Scarce Water ◽  
Rising Sea Levels

We now find an increasingly strong worldwide consensus that the phenomenon of climate change is real, fostered at least in part by human activities. This trend will have profound effects not only on local communities, societies, and regions but also on U.S. national security. Whereas the United States may have the resources to at least mitigate the effects of climate change within its own territory, most developing countries and their populations do not, and climate change will inevitably worsen already existing problems such as rising sea levels, desertification, and access to scarce water resources. This enhances the potential for conflict between societies and an unstable world order. The chapter defines and assesses the scope of environmental security concerns, focusing on important events, issues, and actors with implications for national and international security.

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