cell aggregate
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2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Peng Dai ◽  
Feng-Ying Wu ◽  
Cheng Cui ◽  
Xue-Jiao Liao ◽  
Yan-Mei Jiao ◽  
...  

Chronic HIV-1 infection is associated with persistent inflammation, which contributes to disease progression. Platelet-T cell aggregates play a critical role in maintaining inflammation. However, the phenotypic characteristics and clinical significance of platelet-CD4+ T cell aggregates remain unclear in different HIV-infected populations. In this study, we quantified and characterized platelet-CD4+ T cell aggregates in the peripheral blood of treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals (TNs), immunological responders to antiretroviral therapy (IRs), immunological non-responders to antiretroviral therapy (INRs), and healthy controls (HCs). Flow cytometry analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy showed increased platelet-CD4+ T cell aggregate formation in TNs compared to HCs during HIV-1 infection. However, the frequencies of platelet-CD4+ T cell aggregates decreased in IRs compared to TNs, but not in INRs, which have shown severe immunological dysfunction. Platelet-CD4+ T cell aggregate frequencies were positively correlated with HIV-1 viral load but negatively correlated with CD4+ T cell counts and CD4/CD8 ratios. Furthermore, we observed a higher expression of CD45RO, HIV co-receptors, HIV activation/exhaustion markers in platelet-CD4+ T cell aggregates, which was associated with HIV-1 permissiveness. High levels of caspase-1 and caspase-3, and low levels of Bcl-2 in platelet-CD4+ T cell aggregates imply the potential role in CD4+ T cell loss during HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, platelet-CD4+ T cell aggregates contained more HIV-1 gag viral protein and HIV-1 DNA than their platelet-free CD4+ T cell counterparts. The platelet-CD4+ T cell aggregate levels were positively correlated with plasma sCD163 and sCD14 levels. Our findings demonstrate that platelet-CD4+ T cell aggregate formation has typical characteristics of HIV-1 permissiveness and is related to immune activation during HIV-1 infection.


2021 ◽  
pp. 105256
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Sawyer ◽  
Yushan Wang ◽  
Mercy Villanueva ◽  
Yanfeng Song ◽  
Grant Hennes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Cai ◽  
Xiangyu Han ◽  
Hong Yao

Network theory is widely used to understand microbial interactions in activated sludge and numerous other artificial and natural environments. However, when using correlation-based methods, it is not possible to identify the directionality of interactions within microbiota. Based on the classic Granger test of sequencing-based time-series data, a new Microbial Causal Correlation Network (MCCN) was constructed with distributed ecological interaction on the directed, associated links. As a result of applying MCCN to a time series of activated sludge data, we found that the hub species OTU56, classified as belonging the genus Nitrospira, was responsible for completing nitrification in activated sludge, and mainly interacted with Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in the form of amensal and commensal relationships, respectively. Phylogenetic tree suggested a mutualistic relationship between Nitrospira and denitrifiers. Zoogloea displayed the highest ncf value within the classified OTUs of the MCCN, indicating that it could be a foundation for activated sludge through forming the characteristic cell aggregate matrices into which other organisms embed during floc formation. Overall, the introduction of causality analysis greatly expands the ability of a network to shed a light on understanding the interactions between members of a microbial community.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seunggyu Jeon ◽  
Se-Hwan Lee ◽  
Saeed B. Ahmed ◽  
Jonghyeuk Han ◽  
Su-Jin Heo ◽  
...  

Abstract Various cell aggregate culture technologies have been developed and actively applied to tissue engineering and organ-on-a-chip. However, the conventional culture technologies are labor-intensive, and their outcomes are highly user dependent. In addition, the technologies cannot be used to produce three-dimensional (3D) complex tissues. In this regard, 3D cell aggregate printing technology has attracted increased attention from many researchers owing to its 3D processability. The technology allows the fabrication of 3D freeform constructs using multiple types of cell aggregates in an automated manner. Technological advancement has resulted in the development of a printing technology with a high resolution of approximately 20 μm in 3D space. A high-speed printing technology that can print a cell aggregate in milliseconds has also been introduced. The developed aggregate printing technologies are being actively applied to produce various types of engineered tissues. Although various types of high-performance printing technologies have been developed, there are still some technical obstacles in the fabrication of engineered tissues that mimic the structure and function of native tissues. This review highlights the central importance and current technical level of 3D cell aggregate printing technology, and their applications to tissue/disease models, artificial tissues, and drug-screening platforms. The paper also discusses the remaining hurdles and future directions of the printing processes.


Small ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 2102868
Author(s):  
Alisa M. White ◽  
Yuntian Zhang ◽  
James G. Shamul ◽  
Jiangsheng Xu ◽  
Elyahb A. Kwizera ◽  
...  

Small ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 2100491
Author(s):  
Alisa M. White ◽  
Yuntian Zhang ◽  
James G. Shamul ◽  
Jiangsheng Xu ◽  
Elyahb A. Kwizera ◽  
...  

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 538
Author(s):  
Yudai Futaki ◽  
Ikumi Amimoto ◽  
Megumi Tanaka ◽  
Tomoki Ito ◽  
Yoshiaki Hirano

Most cells within the human body interact with neighboring cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components to establish a unique 3D organization. These cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions form a complex communication network of biochemical and mechanical signals critical for normal cell physiology. The behavior of cells in a 3D environment is fundamentally different from that of cells in monolayer culture. Aggregation can affect cell–cell interactions, being more representative of the normal tissue microenvironment. Therefore, 3D cell culture technologies have been developed. The general method for cell aggregate is a physical method; it is difficult to control the size and number of cell aggregates. In any case, no chemical method has been discovered yet, so a new method to solve these problems is needed. In this paper, we describe the induction of a cell aggregate of the newly discovered (Lys-Pro)12(KP24) peptide. Since it was revealed that KP24 had cell aggregate-inducing activity, its derivatives were molecularly designed to clarify the importance of the KP24 sequence. We report that cell aggregations were induced by KP24 to form aggregates of fibroblast cells. We evaluated KP24 derivative periodic peptides such as (Lys-Pro-Pro)8(KPP24) and (Lys-Lys-Pro)8(KKP24). The relationship between the structure of the peptide chain and the activity induced by the cell aggregations was investigated from the viewpoint of basic research and the biomedical engineering field.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeong-jun Han ◽  
Jee Young Sung ◽  
Su-Hyeon Kim ◽  
Un-Jung Yun ◽  
Hyeryeong Kim ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Sawyer ◽  
Yushan Wang ◽  
Yanfeng Song ◽  
Mercy Villanueva ◽  
Andres Jimenez

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