An Eternal Epidemic: 2. A solution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Vanyukov
Keyword(s):  
Individual Resistance ◽  
Substance Addiction ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
The Individual

This article, the second in the series of two, follows the review that identifies problems with common research and practical approaches in dealing with the problem of substance addiction and related behaviors. This paper proposes potential routes for its solutions. These solutions are based on the reversal of the traditional risk/disease perspective in both research and practice, focusing on the individual resistance (not synonymous with "resilience") aspect of the phenotypic continuum, symmetric but distinct from the risk aspect. This corresponds to searching for factors that decrease rather than elevate risk and lead away rather than to the disorder. Analysis indicates the feasibility of implementing the necessary changes, which are applicable to other disorders as well.

Het belang van de context voor onderzoek binnen de organisatiepsychologie

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim van Breukelen
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Organizational Characteristics ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Voor Onderzoek

The importance of context in research on organizational behavior The importance of context in research on organizational behavior This article emphasizes the need to pay more attention to the context in field studies of organizational behavior. The context refers to factors external to the individual, which include organizational characteristics and societal and cultural factors. The context may offer additional explanations for research findings and may improve insights in underlying processes. In addition, a focus on contextual factors in a study may increase the fit between research and practice. This article describes the potential effects of contextual factors and offers possible reasons for the lack of attention to context in many studies. Finally, several recommendations are presented in order to bring contextual factors back into the study of behavior in organizations.

scholarly journals Accounting for (public) value(s): reconsidering publicness in accounting research and practice

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Bracci ◽  
Iris Saliterer ◽  
Mariafrancesca Sicilia ◽  
Ileana Steccolini
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Public Value ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Accounting Research ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Calculative Practices ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fruitful Research ◽  
New Research

PurposeThis paper aims to highlight the importance of (public) value(s) and publicness in accounting and accountability research. It pinpoints a range of issues that scholars need to contemplate when reconsidering publicness in accounting research and practice.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts an interdisciplinary literature review associated with a conceptual discussion of the actual and future challenges of public service accounting and accountability in considering public value(s).FindingsThe paper illustrates the centrality of (public) value(s) at the individual, organizational and societal levels in shaping and being shaped by calculative practices, and shows that looking at the interconnections between values and accounting is a fruitful research avenue. Moreover, it highlights the power of embracing interdisciplinary approaches to illuminate these interconnections and relate them to complex and current phenomena.Originality/valueThe paper’s originality lies in the reconsideration of (public) value(s) for public service accounting scholars, providing a critical reflection and setting new research avenues.

scholarly journals Play Experience as Individual Ability and a Factorof Individual Resistance to Psychosomatic Disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
A.V. Serikov
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Psychosomatic Disorders ◽  
Individual Resistance ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Individual Ability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Play Experience

The paper analyzes the constructs of ‘play experience’ and ‘play experiencing ability’ from the perspective of cultural-historical psychology. The paper stresses the importance of education, play, art, wealth and cultural diversity in the formation of healthy and independent personality. The role of play experience as a healthful factor that allows an individual to acquire resistance to psychosomatic disorders is supported both theoretically and empirically. It is argued that the individual capable of play experience can transform the meaning of a situation (within his/her play experience) and therefore eliminate its psychotraumatic effect which contributes to the development of psychosomatic disorders. The paper provides outcomes of an empirical research with 73 participants (40 female, 33 male; aged 18—45, with the average age of 25 years). The statistical analysis revealed a significant inverse correlation between the level of the individual’s play experiencing ability and the level of his/her somatization (rs = -0,435; p ≤ 0,01), which confirms the research hypothesis.

scholarly journals Information literacy and informed learning: conceptual innovations for IL research and practice futures.

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Susan Bruce ◽  
Andrew Demasson ◽  
Hilary Hughes ◽  
Mandy Lupton ◽  
Elham Sayyad Abdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Literacy ◽  
Experience Design ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Relational Approach ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Working Together ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Learning Team

Our paper draws together conceptual innovations emerging from the work of a group of researchers focussed on the relational approach to information literacy, more recently labelled ‘informed learning’. Team members have been working together in various configurations for periods ranging from seven to seventeen years. Our collaborative approach continues to yield new concepts and constructs which we believe to be of value to ongoing research and practice. Some of the ideas discussed have been previouly published, while others are being put forward for the first time. All are significant in that they together form new constructs that have emerged from a focus on the relational approach to information literacy. In this paper, Christine Bruce introduces the background to this work and the contributing researchers. Then the individual authors present the key directions which they have developed and are leading, typically working with one or more of the wider network. The key ideas presented are: The expressive window for information literacy (Mandy Lupton); information experience design (Elham Sayyad Abdi); cross-contextuality and experienced identity (Andrew Demasson); informed learning design (Clarence Maybee); spaces for inclusive informed learning (Hilary Hughes); and informed systems (Mary Somerville and Anita Mirjamdotter).  In each piece, authors reflect on what the idea is about, where it came from and what it might mean for research and practice. 

Team Creativity and Innovation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roni Reiter-Palmon ◽  
Mackenzie Harms
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Organizational Success ◽  
Team Creativity ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Context Variable ◽  
The Past ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Creativity And Innovation

For the past two decades, creativity and innovation have been viewed by researchers as critical to organizational success and survival. Understanding the factors that facilitate or inhibit creativity and innovation at the individual level has been the focus of much of the research in the area. In recent years, research in organizational psychology and management has focused on understanding creativity and innovation in teams. However, while earlier work on teams and creativity focused on the team as a context variable, and individual creativity as the outcome, more recent research emphasizes creativity as the outcome. This chapter provides an overview of the state of research and practice as it relates to team creativity and innovation in organizations.

The Bureaucracy and the Nazi Party

1966 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Party ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Nazi Party ◽  
Individual Resistance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Failure Life ◽  
Group Resistance

THE individual in the twentieth century finds himself dwarfed by two giant institutions which decide his political destiny: the state, with its efficient bureaucrat methodically signing papers that may mean success or failure, life or death, for everyman and his world; the other is the political party, which aspires to control the state by mobilizing the masses. Nineteenth-century bureaucracy tended to be rigid and authoritarian, yet unrelated to popular support and limited in its impact on daily life. The nineteenth- century liberal, suspicious of the state, attempted to protect the individual by further limiting the bureaucrat; the twentiethcentury liberal hopes to use the bureaucrat to limit the privately powerful, whereas the totalitarian party hopes to dominate the state and therewith to dominate everyman. When a monopolistic party controls a monolithic state, the individual seems to have no choice but to flee, to obey or to disappear into a concentration camp. Overt individual resistance appears senseless; overt group resistance extremely dangerous and almost certainly doomed to failure.

Why, in medicine, evidence is still more important than narratives or values? Or “The importance of being evident.”

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Marie-Caroline Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Evidence Based Medicine ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Actual Patient ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Based Medicine ◽  
Do So ◽  
Evidence Hierarchies

The importance of being evident is what counts for medicine. The diagnosis must be evident and the treatment must be based on evidence. If that evidence is and always must be based on statistics, as we have seen, it becomes questionable. Evidence is good when it is robust and when it fits the individual patient. Only then does evidence-based medicine (EBM), make sense and only then the patient can be sure to be treated in the best possible way. EBM, the movement of medicine that is strictly based on evidence which is judged in a hierarchical order, is under scrutiny and heavily criticised, chiefly because it has lost the patient out of its focus. Numbers are more important than the individual diagnosis and treatment is administered according to population-based statistics and not ‘made to order’. Although this criticism is very valid, the solution cannot be to simply replace EBM with something else, but the solution must be to still base medicine and medical treatment on the best available evidence we have, while putting the patient back into focus. In order to do so, it is important to topple evidence hierarchies, to divide EBM into research and practice and to acknowledge that sometimes the statistical best evidence is not the best evidential treatment for the actual patient.

scholarly journals Substance abuse, drug addiction and the role of primary health care amid the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 6175
Author(s):  
Mustafa Elsaied Esmail ◽  
Majed Diaa Mosly ◽  
Abdulaziz Abdullah Alghamdi ◽  
Alalaa Hussain Hakami ◽  
Ahmed Ali Majrashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Substance Addiction ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The definition of substance abuse is the use of certain types of drugs such as alcohol, cannabis, hash, cocaine and others that have serious side effects and clinical complications. There is a significant difference between substance abuse and the term addiction. The significant difference between substance abuse and addiction is that drug addiction or substance addiction is classified as a chronic disease controlling the physical and mental ability of the individual to unpleasant force to use specific drugs such as cocaine or else. The literature has a positive correlation between the COVID-19 pandemic and illegal drug abuse in substance abuse or addiction. COVID-19 caused emotional emptiness for many people around the world, in addition to anxiety and depression. The particular group of people started addicting to specific drugs to induce temporary happiness due to the unpleasant events they had from the pandemic. This article aimed to review the challenges of substance abuse and drug abuse in the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of public health in addition to primary care facilities against this phenomenon. To our knowledge, this is the first review providing a complex review about this issue since the beginning of COVID-19.

scholarly journals The Eternal Robot: Anchoring Effects in Humans' Mental Models of Robots and Their Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ullrich ◽  
Andreas Butz ◽  
Sarah Diefenbach
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Design Goal ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
Anchoring Effects ◽  
Human Likeness ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual

Current robot designs often reflect an anthropomorphic approach, apparently aiming to convince users through an ideal system, being most similar or even on par with humans. The present paper challenges human-likeness as a design goal and questions whether simulating human appearance and performance adequately fits into how humans think about robots in a conceptual sense, i.e., human's mental models of robots and their self. Independent of the technical possibilities and limitations, our paper explores robots' attributed potential to become human-like by means of a thought experiment. Four hundred eighty-one participants were confronted with fictional transitions from human-to-robot and robot-to-human, consisting of 20 subsequent steps. In each step, one part or area of the human (e.g., brain, legs) was replaced with robotic parts providing equal functionalities and vice versa. After each step, the participants rated the remaining humanness and remaining self of the depicted entity on a scale from 0 to 100%. It showed that the starting category (e.g., human, robot) serves as an anchor for all former judgments and can hardly be overcome. Even if all body parts had been exchanged, a former robot was not perceived as totally human-like and a former human not as totally robot-like. Moreover, humanness appeared as a more sensible and easier denied attribute than robotness, i.e., after the objectively same transition and exchange of the same parts, the former human was attributed less humanness and self left compared to the former robot's robotness and self left. The participants' qualitative statements about why the robot has not become human-like, often concerned the (unnatural) process of production, or simply argued that no matter how many parts are exchanged, the individual keeps its original entity. Based on such findings, we suggest that instead of designing most human-like robots in order to reach acceptance, it might be more promising to understand robots as an own “species” and underline their specific characteristics and benefits. Limitations of the present study and implications for future HRI research and practice are discussed.

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