Painkillers among people aged 20-30 according to questionnaires

Aim. Painkillers are one of the most widespread drugs on the pharmaceutical market, individual analgesics belong to the OTC (over-the-counter drug) group, which are also available outside pharmacies. The universality and wide availability of painkillers posea real problem of medication errors. The aim of the study was to examine the attitude of people aged 20-30 to taking painkillers and to examine the level of knowledge of the respondents about them.Method. The study involved 70 people aged 20-30 who voluntarily fi lled in an original electronic questionnaire, which included the attitude of people of this age to taking medications and questions assessing their knowledge about the medications they take. It included questions about the type of drugs taken, frequency, intensity of pain at which the respondents took analgesics and knowledge about possible adverse effects in the case of long-term use of analgesics or their overdose. The most numerous age group were people aged 20-30, they constituted 55.7% of the respondents. People aged 24-27 accounted for 24.3%, while 20% were people aged 28-30. Most respondents showed that their current place of residence is a city with over 500,000 inhabitants. Most of the respondents had secondary education and it amounted to 51.4%.Results and conclusion. As many as 85.7% of people take painkillers. 35.7% of the respondents take medication once a month, while 34.3% take medication less frequently than once a month. 60.9% of people know the effects of chronic overuse of painkillers, butas many as 39.1% of respondents have a knowledge defi cit in this regard. The study found that 89.9% of people aged 20-30 know how to safely use painkillers, only 10.1% do not know in this regard. Most people in this age group use drugs when the intensity of pain is 4, which means that the most numerous group of people takes drugs when the intensity of pain is very high. This indicates that drugs are not taken without necessity, which results in their chronic non-use, as a result of which the risk of side effectscaused by overuse of painkillers is minimised. The study showed that 35.7% take painkillers once a month and 34.3% less than oncea month. Mostly women take medication once a month, this could possibly be associated with menstrual pain. The survey shows that 60.9% of people know the effects of chronic overuse of painkillers. It follows that most of the respondents know the consequences ofoverusing painkillers, but a large proportion of people in this age group show a defi cit of knowledge about what is dangerous to their health, therefore it is necessary to educate people aged 20-30 years in this regard.Cognitive value. The conducted research shows the attitude of young people toward painkillers. The cognitive value is the selection of a specifi c research group which from an early age, has the possibility to observe easy and wide access to analgesics.

Neurologic Therapeutics in 2035

Therapeutic development has accelerated rapidly in the past 5 years in many neurologic and neurodegenerative diseases. The therapeutic categories of development include small molecules, genetic therapies, and cell-based therapies. Current development has provided novel treatment approaches to disorders without available treatment. However, the regulatory procedures to allow for access to these therapies is challenging, as is the ability to provide wide access to increasingly expensive therapies. By 2035, these challenges are likely to have accelerated and have the potential to create bottlenecks in drug approval and reduced access to patients. Innovative regulatory and payer solutions are required. In addition, ethical considerations around genetic therapies should be considered in current and future development. These approaches will ensure that patients with neurologic disease have broad access to highly innovative therapies.

Staged reality in cinema

The relevance of this subject is related to the development of information technology and new media, which has allowed wide access to cinema as a visual activity. The information media space is increasingly connected to human existence, and the demand for intangible goods and services inherent in post-industrial society is causing increasing demands for intellectual products outside the science and production industry. In this context, the purpose of the study is to identify the plane of the significance of the staged reality of cinema as a dominant form of synthetic art, the attitude between artistic and nonartistic features of staged reality on the example of fiction and documentary cinema, and to outline the transformation of the structure of film reality as a constructor and medium. The principal approaches to the study were structural and hermeneutic approaches to structural analysis in terms of the semiotics of culture of cinema reality sign space and the use of interpretive practices on textual objects. At the level of basic structures, the interaction between meaning and signification and the transformation of the semantic matrix of cinema as a form of art is discussed, at the level of discourse the individual film picture.

Impact of AI-Based Tools and Urban Big Data Analytics on the Design and Planning of Cities

Wide access to large volumes of urban big data and artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools allow performing new analyses that were previously impossible due to the lack of data or their high aggregation. This paper aims to assess the possibilities of the use of urban big data analytics based on AI-related tools to support the design and planning of cities. To this end, the author introduces a conceptual framework to assess the influence of the emergence of these tools on the design and planning of the cities in the context of urban change. In this paper, the implications of the application of artificial-intelligence-based tools and geo-localised big data, both in solving specific research problems in the field of urban planning and design as well as on planning practice, are discussed. The paper is concluded with both cognitive conclusions and recommendations for planning practice. It is directed towards urban planners interested in the emerging urban big data analytics based on AI-related tools and towards urban theorists working on new methods of describing urban change.

LIBERALISM AS A MODERN IDEOLOGY

The article differentiates modern socio-political narratives with their inherent speculative ontological and anthropological foundations and the real causes of social transformations of the modern era and shows that the ideological and socio-political foundations of liberalism emerged in the pre-modern era widespread after the invention of printing technology. Through book printing, liberalism opened wide access to information resources and contributed to the important transformation of peoples into nations, uniting historically conditioned social demands of peoples into an ideological core. The uniqueness of liberalism was determined by the collective interests of the active minority, which, using the achievements of information technology revolutions, made efforts to destroy the archaic unjust orders and systems. The struggle against these unjust orders gave an indulgence to uncriticalism, thus contributing to the penetration into the public consciousness of a large number of ideals and norms, which promoted the enslavement of people, disguising it as humanistic tendencies.

Fault Location for Multi-source Distribution Network Based on Improved Chaotic Jaya Algorithm

Due to the wide access of distributed energy in the distribution network, the structure of the distribution network becomes complex and diverse, and the power flow distribution is flexible and changeable. To optimize the fault location performance of the multisource distribution network, this paper proposes a power grid fault location solution method based on the improved Jaya algorithm. By combining the chaos theory with the Jaya algorithm, the individual position iteration of the algorithm is optimized to improve the algorithm’s global optimization capability and speed up the fault location. Through the example test and comparison with the traditional algorithm, the experimental results verify the effectiveness and superiority of this method.

Suboccipital Transhorizontal Fissure Approach for Posterior Cranial Fossa Lesions: A Cadaveric Study and First Clinical Experience

BACKGROUND Surgical treatment of pathological lesions in the deep cerebellar hemisphere, cerebellopontine angle (CPA), and fourth ventricle of the posterior cranial fossa (PCF) is challenging. Conventional neurosurgical approaches to these lesions are associated with risk of various complications. Mastery of efficient fissure dissection is imperative when approaching deep-seated lesions. The horizontal fissure (HF) is the largest and deepest fissure of the cerebellum. OBJECTIVE To conduct an anatomical study and introduce a novel suboccipital trans-HF (SOTHF) approach to access lesions of the deep cerebellar hemispheres, CPA, and upper fourth ventricle of the PCF. METHODS We performed a cadaveric dissection study focusing on anatomical landmarks and surgical feasibility of the SOTHF approach then implemented it in 2 patients with a deep cerebellar hemispheric tumor. RESULTS Anatomical feasibility of the SOTHF approach was demonstrated and compared with conventional approaches in the cadaveric study. Opening the suboccipital surface of the HF to create medial, intermediate, and lateral surgical corridors provided optimal viewing angles and wide access to the deep cerebellar hemispheres, CPA, and upper fourth ventricle without heavy cerebellar retraction. Sacrificing cerebellar neural structures and complex skull base techniques were not required to obtain adequate exposure. The SOTHF approach was successfully applied without complication in 2 patients with a deep cerebellar hemispheric tumor. CONCLUSION The HF is an important cerebellar fissure that provides a gateway to deep areas of the PCF. Further studies are needed to define and expand applications of the SOTHF approach.

Humane Protection of Animals Against the Effects of Fireworks Displays

This article is of a scientific and research nature. Its subject is the humane protection of animals, expressly declared by the Polish legislator in the provisions of the Animal Protection Act, as regarded in the context of wide access to individual use of fireworks by private persons. The author seeks an answer to the question whether the legislator’s high-sounding declarations expressed in the Animal Protection Act, providing for humane protection of animals in Poland, are reflected in respective national or local regulations which would make it possible for the owners or guardians of animals to protect them against the effects of fireworks, especially against noise. The aim of the research is to indicate who, if it has not already been done by the national legislator, is authorised to issue regulations limiting the use of fireworks, in a manner modelled for example on Australian solutions, where displays can be organised by licensed, authorised companies, or in a manner whereby the owner or keeper of the animal is informed in advance by an announcement on the Internet or in a local newspaper of the planned place and date of the pyrotechnic show, so that he or she can provide protection for his or her animal by moving away from the venue in advance. The analysis of national solutions aims to indicate how the shortcomings in this area should be addressed by the regional legislator.

Chronic Viral Hepatitis in the Italian Prison Setting: Prevalence, Outcomes, Literature Needs and Perspectives

Compared with the general population, incarcerated people have a higher prevalence of several communicable diseases, including viral hepatitis. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of literature in field. Our review aims to shed the actual knowledge on viral hepatitis among incarcerated people in Italy. We performed a comprehensive literature search, through key electronic databases (Scopus, Pubmed–MEDLINE) and search engines (Google Scholar), of peer-reviewed publications (articles and reviews), grey literature on viral hepatitis prevalence, and models proposed for active case finding and control strategies in prison settings. We found that viral hepatitis epidemiology drastically changed in the last five years, particularly on hepatitis C virus (HCV), reporting an HCV antibody (HCV-Ab) prevalence decrease from up to 38% to ˂20% in penitentiary institutes, as well as an even more important reduction in active infections. Probably, the availability of direct-acting antivirals is contributing to this scenario. However, there is a lack of data available regarding incarcerated women. For this reason, more tailored interventions are needed for this sub-population. Judiciary and regulatory bodies should be prompted to discuss and define specific regulations to optimize case active finding strategies, guarantee wide access to effective preventive and treatment options for viral hepatitis and enhance treatment management.

A new method for temporary partial osteoplastic resection of the mandible for the removal of tongue cancer

Wide access to the oral cavity is necessary for surgeons, mainly for the surgical treatment of tongue cancer with localization of the neoplasm in the posterior parts of the latter, especially when the cancer transitions to the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth or to the arcus palato-glossus.