Geochemistry of the Organic Matter of Ulug-Khem Basin Coals

—The composition of the organic matter (OM) of coals of the Ulug-Khem Basin has been studied. According to Rock-Eval pyrolysis data, this OM is a type III kerogen, sometimes significantly oxidized. The coal of low-grade metamorphism has a high hydrocarbon potential. Based on the gas–liquid chromatography and chromatography–mass spectrometry data on the distribution of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, polycyclic biomarkers, and aromatic hydrocarbons, we have established the composition of the primary OM of the coals and the grade of OM metamorphism. The primary OM of the coals consists mainly of remains of aquatic vegetation and terrigenous OM. The latter includes conifer remains, which are identified from the presence of 4β(H)-19-norisopimarane in the aliphatic fraction of bitumen and from the domination of retene over cadalene and 6-isopropyl-1-isohexyl-2-methylnaphthalene in the aromatic fraction.

Seismic Reservoir Characterisation of Tyumen Formation in Frolov Megadepression

The article discusses the approaches and methods to study the Middle Jurassic deposits of the Tyumen Formation within the Frolov megadepression (West Siberian oil and gas province), which have high hydrocarbon potential. The materials refer to several areas with available 3D seismic data and several dozen oil wells. The problems of seismic interpretation and its application for geological modeling are considered. We also propose several ways to overcome them.

Source Rock Evaluation and Hydrocarbon Generation Model of a Permian Alkaline Lakes—A Case Study of the Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin

The alkaline lake source rocks of the Fengcheng Formation are developed in the Mahu Sag of the Junggar Basin. Different from traditional continental fresh water and saltwater lake source rocks, alkaline lake source rocks lack targeted evaluation criteria, and it is unknown whether their hydrocarbon generation models are consistent with traditional models. Therefore, in the present study, evaluation standards and hydrocarbon generation models of alkaline lake source rocks are discussed based on geological and organic geochemical data and a systematic summary of the geochemical characteristics of the Fengcheng Formation source rocks. The Fengcheng Formation source rocks are mainly diamictite with mixed argillaceous rock and dolomite; most total organic carbon (TOC) values range from 0.2–1.4%; and the kerogen is primarily oil-prone type II, reaching low- to high-maturity stages. Based on the types of organic matter in source rocks and the relationships between organic matter abundance parameters, the evaluation standard of alkaline lake source rocks is proposed. The Fengcheng Formation is mainly composed of good to excellent source rocks (55.5%) with high hydrocarbon generation potential. The single-peak hydrocarbon generation model of the Fengcheng Formation is similar to that of traditional freshwater or saltwater lakes, with a high hydrocarbon generation rate, two to five times that of the traditional model; its main particularity is in the formation of naphthenic crude oil from the kerogen of bacteria and algae. A new understanding of the hydrocarbon generation potential and model of alkaline lake source rocks in the Fengcheng Formation can provide support for tight oil and shale oil exploration in the Mahu Sag.

APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL METHODS FOR PROCESSING THE RESULTS OF GROUND GEOCHEMICAL SURVEY WITH THE PURPOSE OF OIL AND GAS FORECASTING

To solve the problems of forecasting oil and gas content on one of the local structures of the South Tatar arch (Volzhsko-Kama anteclise), discriminant and neural network analyzes with training on reference wells were applied during the processing the results of geochemical surveys. Comparison with the results of the classical quantitative description of the geochemical field showed mainly the coincidence of areas of high hydrocarbon concentrations in near-surface sediments and anomalies identified by statistical methods. Based on the integration of the results of statistical processing of geochemical data and their geological interpretation, the structure was characterized as promising.

Evaluation of Petrophysical Parameters of Reservoir Sand Wells in Uzot-Field, Onshore Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria

Evaluation of the petrophysical parameters in Uzot-field was carried out using Well log data. The target for this study was the D3100 reservoir sand of wells Uz 004, Uz 005, U008 and Uz 011 with depth range of 5540ft to 5800ft across the four wells. Resistivity logs were used to identify hydrocarbon or water-bearing zones and hence indicate permeable zones while the various sand bodies were then identified using the gamma ray logs. The results showed the delineated reservoir units having porosity ranging from 21.40% to 33.80% indicating a suitable reservoir quality; permeability values from 1314md to 18089md attributed to the well sorted nature of the sands and hydrocarbon saturation range from 12.00% to 85.79% implying high hydrocarbon production. These results suggest a reservoir system whose performance is considered satisfactory for hydrocarbon production. Keywords: Petrophysical parameters, porosity, permeability, hydrocarbon saturation, Niger Delta Basin

Lithology and Fluid discrimination of Sody field of the Nigerian Delta

The lithology and fluid discrimination of an onshore Sody field, of the Niger Delta was studied using gamma ray, resistivity and density logs from three wells in the field in order to evaluate the field’s reservoir properties. Two reservoir sands (RES 1 and RES 2) were delineated and identified as hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs. The petrophysical parameters calculated include total porosity, water saturation and volume of shale. The results obtained revealed that the average porosity of the reservoir sands, range from 21% to 39%, which is excellent indicator of a good quality reservoir and probably reflecting well sorted coarse grain sandstone reservoirs with minimal cementation. Water saturation is low in all the reservoirs, ranging from 2% to 32%, indicating that the proportion of void spaces occupied by water is low, and implying high hydrocarbon saturation. The crossplot discriminated the reservoirs lithologies as sand, shaly sand and shale sequences, except well Sody 2 which differentiated its lithologies as sand and shale sequences and distinguished the reservoirs’ litho-fluids into three, namely; gas, oil and brine. These results suggest that the reservoirs sand units of Sody field contain significant accumulations of hydrocarbon. Keywords: Reservoir, porosity, net-to-gross, impedance, lithology

Synthesis and Characterizations of Nickel Supported on Activated Charcoal and its Application for Green Fuel Production

Waste cooking oil (WCO) that contained triglycerides and fatty acid derivatives can be transformed to green fuel that have similar properties to the fossil fuel. Hence, this study was focusing on the production of green fuel hydrocarbons from feedstock of waste cooking oil by deoxygenation process. The deoxygenation reaction of WCO was conducted using different loading of nickel (Ni) (5, 10, 15 and 20 % w/w) supported on commercial activated charcoal. Based on the catalytic deoxygenation (DO) reaction, the highest conversion of hydrocarbon was achieved when the reaction undergo using Ni20%AC as catalyst at 350°C for 3 hours under inert atmosphere. The present of the higher loading active metal showed high DO reaction by decarboxylation and decarbonylation pathways with high hydrocarbon yield of 83% and high selectivity of n-C15 and n-C17. DO reaction also favoured the optimum strength of acidity. This study revealed that Ni20%AC catalyst is a promising catalyst for the green fuel production in WCO.

Getis-Ord Gi* statistics at adaptation of perennial hydrocarbon content data in Bolshoy Balyk river basin

Balyk river basin for the period 2006–2017 using ArcGIS Pro statistical analysis tools are presented in this article. The information basis of the research is the local environment monitoring data of license areas of Ugra, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, RF. The research was implemented in two stages. At the first stage, pollution hot spots were revealed basing on the calculation of local Getis-Ord Gi* index for each year. The calculation was made taking into account the mutual location of sampling points and value of the neighborhood. At the second stage hot spots genesis for 12 years was analyzed via modelling space-and-time cube. Clustering time series of hydrocarbons average annual concentration according to the Getis-Ord Gi* indicator made it possible to determine the places of one-off pollution, most likely associated with oil spills, and to track pollutants transportation along the current. The location of the increasing river ecosystem pollution was also determined. The obtained results enable bringing out basic zones of permanent high hydrocarbon concentrations and places of periodic discharges into the river basin.

PETROPHYSICAL EVALUATION OF RESERVOIRS FOR HYDROCARBON RESERVE ESTIMATION IN EASTERN CENTRAL SWAMP DEPOBELT, NIGER DELTA

Petrophysical properties were evaluated in five wells in eastern Central Swamp Depobelt, Niger Delta using well logs. Analyses by Kingdom Suite software reveal that reservoirs’ thicknesses ranged between 24.5ft in SNG in Afam 16 to 200.5ft in SNB in Obeakpu 005. Volume of shale varies within and across all the wells with values <30% of the total thicknesses. Relative permeability to water (Krw) ranges from 0.00 to >1.00 across the wells. Reservoirs SNE and SNF in Afam 16 have average Krw of 0.00 implying 100% water-free hydrocarbon production. SNC reservoir in Afam 15 and Afam 16 has average Krw >1 implying 100% water production. The relative permeability to oil (Kro) is very high in reservoirs with high hydrocarbon saturation. SNH in Korokoro 006 has average hydrocarbon saturation of 85.70% and Kro of 0.89. SNB in Obeakpu 005 has average absolute permeability of 62,086.9mD. Reservoirs SNB, SNC and SND contain no producible hydrocarbon in Afam 15 but contain producible hydrocarbon in Afam 16, Korokoro 003 and Obeakpu 005 wells. Reservoirs SNE, SNF, SNG and SNH in Afam 15, Afam 16, Korokoro 003 and Korokoro 006 contain producible hydrocarbon with the exception of SNF in Korokoro 003. Afam 15 and Afam 16 are mainly gas-producing with estimated gas-in-place ranging from 72,630.27cu.ft/acre in SNB in Afam 15 to 1,534,667.86cu.ft/acre in SNH in Afam 16 while Korokoro 003, Korokoro 006 and Obeakpu 005 are mainly oil-producing with estimated oil-in-place ranging from 47,590.26bbl/acre in SNB in Korokoro 003 and 387,754.83bbl/acre in SNB in Obeakpu 005.

Comparative analysis of the influence of oil and gas complex on economic growth in the macro–regions of the world

The paper discusses the problem of resource dependence in countries with high hydrocarbon production, export of resource. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of resource dependence factors and sustainable growth factors on economic growth of 41 countries, which are net oil and gas exporters, for the period 1990–2018 based on the analysis of panel data. Countries are classified by macro–regions, levels of economic development and democracy. The consequences in terms of sustainable economic growth were analyzed.