Screening of Cucumber Fusarium Wilt Bio-Inhibitor: High Sporulation Trichoderma harzianum Mutant Cultured on Moso Bamboo Medium

Cucumber fusarium wilt is a soil-borne disease which causes serious production decrease in cucumber cultivation world widely. Extensive using of chemical pesticides has caused serious environmental pollution and economic losses, therefore, it is particularly urgent to develop efficient, safe and pollution-free biopesticide. In this study, a mutant strain of Trichoderma harzianum cultivated in moso bamboo medium was proved to be an efficient bio-inhibitor of the disease. The mutant strain T. harzianum T334, was obtained by three microwave mutagenesis cycles with an irradiation power of 600 W and irradiation time of 40 s. In contrast to the original strain, the inhibition rate on cucumber fusarium wilt of the strain T334 increased from 63 to 78%. In this work, disk milling pretreatment of moso bamboo has shown significant beneficial effects on both biotransformation and sporulation of T334. Its sporulation reached 3.7 × 109 cfu/g in mushroom bags with 90% bamboo stem powder (pretreated by disk milli), 9.5% bamboo leaf powder and 0.5% wheat bran when the ratio of solid to liquid was 4:6, the inoculum amount was 10%, and the culture temperature was 28°C. These results provide an alternative bioinhibitor for the control of cucumber fusarium wilt, and a potential usage of moso bamboo in the production of microbial pesticide.

Allometric equation of local bamboo for estimating carbon sequestration of bamboo riparian forest

The cause of global warming is the increasing carbon concentration arising from industrial activities, burning of fossils, and land-use change. The purpose of this research was to find out the allometric equation to calculate the local bamboo biomass and then to be able to calculate how much carbon sequestration at bamboo riparian forest since this area was rarely being explored. The parameters observed were the height and diameter of the bamboo stem at 1.3 m height of 6 types of local bamboo using destructive sampling, along with the measurement of bamboo weight. The carbon content of the bamboo biomass, litter, and soil was measured to complement the estimation of total carbon sequestration. The results showed that the allometric equation for estimating local bamboo biomass is Y=0.6396 X1.6162 with R2=0.77, obtained from the relationship equations between dry weight and the diameter. Total carbon sequestration of this system ranged between 81 to 215 tons C ha−1.

Factors Affecting Slope Instability of the Nhan Co Alumina Red Mud Basin and Economical, Environmentally Friendly Soil Stabilization

Since 2017, there have been recurring landslides in the red mud basins of the Nhan Co alumina factory, Dak Nong Province, Vietnam, during the rainy seasons. Changes in physical and mechanical soil parameters due to rain water infiltration and the formation of tension cracks have been considered as the main causes of slope instability. The soil cohesion and angle of internal friction decreased nearly thrice and twice, respectively, as the soil became saturated. An economical and environmentally friendly reinforcement using bamboo stem piles in combination with slope regrading is suitable for the site conditions. With a light slope regrading, a bamboo stem pile spacing of 5.3 m ensures that the slope factor of safety (FS) is 1.30, which satisfies the requirements specified by the national technical regulations. The results are helpful and serve as practical fundamentals for a comprehensive control of slope stability of the red mud basins in the Nhan Co alumina factory to avoid possible catastrophic destruction of the local ecology by the spreading of an extremely high pH fluid and mud from the red mud basins due to the landslides into the red mud basins.

Assessing Sustainable Bamboo-Based Income Generation Using a Value Chain Approach: Case Study of Nongboua Village in Lao PDR

Many bamboo species are well suited for agroforestry as they are more versatile and rapidly renewable than trees. Bamboo is an important income source for rural villagers around the world, especially in tropical developing countries, such as Lao PDR (Lao People’s Democratic Republic). This study applied a value chain approach to compare potential incomes from different bamboo utilization models: (1) existing model of selling semi-processed raw materials (bamboo splits), and (2) new model of producing handcraft products locally. Using a rural village in eastern Lao PDR (Nongboua village in Vientiane Capital province) as a case study, we provided empirical assessments of two bamboo value chains. Based on interviews with the villagers and stakeholders and government statistical data from 2017 to 2019, existing and new bamboo production chains were evaluated. In the existing value chain, the final products, bamboo chopsticks, are worth $6.74/kg. The value chain starts with bamboo harvesting, collection, and management, which are done by villagers in Lao PDR and taxed by the Lao PDR government. Bamboo splits are then transported to Vietnam to make the final products to sell. Local villagers received only 4.9% of the total value. The new bamboo handicraft model could produce 9 bamboo cups and 60 medals from one bamboo stem worth $52.6–61.7 and $343.8. In this value chain, bamboo harvesting, management, and processing to final products are done by villagers. The handcrafts were collected by traders to be sold at souvenir shops. Local villagers could capture 29.4%–42.3% of the total values. Producing bamboo cup and medal could generate 1.12–2.17 and 234.8–244.6 times higher income for villagers per labor hour and per bamboo stem, respectively, and allow them to use more bamboo resource than producing bamboo splits to export to Vietnam. If applied to other rural areas in Lao PDR, the new bamboo product model for handicrafts can be a better income source for local villagers in Lao PDR with sustainable use of bamboo resources than the existing model. However, it requires extensive bamboo handicrafts training over a year. Although alternative uses of bamboo would be different depending on social, economic, and market contexts, the value chain analysis demonstrated in this study can be applied elsewhere to increase local retention of economic values generated from agroforestry.

PENGARUH JENIS STEK TERHADAP KEBERHASILAN PEMBIBITAN BAMBU HITAM (Gigantochloa atroviolaceae Widjaja)

Black bamboo seedlings through vegetative propagation still need to be developed in order to obtain the right propagation technique. Trials of making black bamboo seedlings from branch cuttings resulted in a low success rate. This study aims to determine the type of black bamboo stem cutting material. This study used a completely randomized design method (CRD) with the treatment of cuttings, namely: stem cuttings from the weevil (remaining cut), 1-segment stem cuttings, 2-segment stem cuttings, 3-segment stem cuttings. The parameters observed were shoot height, diameter, number of shoot and root length. The result show that the treatment of weevil stem cuttings produced the best shoot growth in all growth parameters.

Inherent Adaptive Structures Using Nature-Inspired Compound Elements

Biomimicry studies have attracted significant attention in research and practice, leading to effective engineering solutions to develop new types of structures inspired by natural systems. The objective of this study is to employ natural structures' inherent adaptivity under changing loading conditions. Three new types of compound elements are proposed that are able to improve the structure load-bearing capacity through passive inherent adaptivity. A self-centering system, inspired by the human spine, which comprises a column pre-stressed through cables, is employed as a kinematic isolator. A similar self-centering system is applied to increase the load-bearing capacity of unreinforced masonry columns. An axially loaded element, inspired by the bamboo stem, which comprises a steel core reinforced by a series of cylindrical plates that are encased in a steel tube, is employed to control the onset of instability in long-span truss structures. Application to typical frame, masonry, and truss structures is investigated through finite element analysis. Results show that the proposed compound elements are effective to increase the structure load-bearing capacity and to reduce the response under seismic excitation owning to their inherent adaptive features.

COMMERCIALIZATION OF BAMBOO IN INDIA: A REVIEW

Bamboo is most versatile group of plants, are evergreen perennial flowering plants of the grass family panacea and sub family Bambusoideae. The stem of bamboo is hollow ,vascular bundle is scattered and woody xylem is absent.Bamboo are one of the fastest growing plant on Earth with reported rate up to 910 mm (36 in) in 24 hours (Guinness World record 2007).However the growth of the plant depends on local soil and climatic condition as well as the species of the plant.The spread mainly through rhizomes the two types patterns of growth of bamboo are clumping in running. Clamping growth with short rhizomes and tend to spread slowly. Running bamboo grow fast with the help of underground rhizomes.Unlike Timber bamboo is self regenerating natural resources. Bamboo grow fast and matures early. The output of bamboo plantation is great and the use of bamboo stem is wide.