Modelling evaporation with local, regional and global BROOK90 frameworks: importance of parameterization and forcing

Observation and estimation of evaporation is a challenging task. Evaporation occurs on each surface and is driven by different energy sources. Thus the correct process approximation in modelling of the terrestrial water balance plays a crucial part. Here, we use a physically-based 1D lumped soil-plant-atmosphere model (BROOK90) to study the role of parameter selection and meteorological input for modelled evaporation on the point scale. Then, with the integration of the model into global, regional and local frameworks, we made cross-combinations out of their parameterization and forcing schemes to analyse the associated model uncertainty. Five sites with different land uses (grassland, cropland, deciduous broadleaf forest, two evergreen needleleaf forests) located in Saxony, Germany were selected for the study. All combinations of the model setups were validated using FLUXNET data and various goodness of fit criteria. The output from a calibrated model with in-situ meteorological measurements served as a benchmark. We focused on the analysis of the model performance with regard to different time-scales (daily, monthly, and annual). Additionally, components of evaporation are addressed, including their representation in BROOK90. Finally, all results are discussed in the context of different sources of uncertainty: model process representation, input meteorological data and evaporation measurements themselves.

Relationship between functional capacity and the occurrence of adverse events during healthcare utilization

Introduction: Adverse events, safety incidents, and medical errors in healthcare can be avoided only by understanding the causes of their occurrence, and by applying the knowledge gained from the analysis of similar previous events. Since it is known that most adverse events do not originate from a single cause, most important is timely identification of numerous contributory states that can give us the opportunity to define a number of possible solutions to correct process errors and deficiencies in the system itself. The aim of this paper is to investigate the association between functional capacity of elderly living with cardiovascular diseases and the occurrence of adverse events during use of health-care services.Methods: Assessment of functional limitations was done using the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS). The presence of adverse events was evaluated after interviews with subjects and review of medical records. Differences in continuous numerical values between inpatient and outpatient service users were analyzed by the Mann–Whitney U-test. Spearman’s correlation coefficients of the number of actual adverse events with the presence of restrictions in daily activities were calculated. Fisher’s exact test or Fisher-Freeman-Halton test (in cases of table sizes larger than 2 × 2 format) analyzed the differences in category variables.Results: The total number of adverse events was 30 (10.1% of the total number of subjects), while there were 12 actual adverse events (40.0% of the total number of adverse events). No statistically significant correlation was found between the limitations in performing daily activities and the occurrence of actual adverse events (p = 0.173).Conclusion: The research conducted in this paper showed that the functional capacity of the elderly with chronic disease is not exclusively related with the occurrence of adverse events associated with health-care utilization.

Interpersonal synchronization of movement intermittency

Humans manifest remarkable sensorimotor coordination abilities as showcased in the skilful performance expressed by orchestras and dance ensembles. In multi-agent interactions, sensorimotor loops that are normally involved in the control of one's own movement must accommodate also for sensory data (e.g., visual feedback) informing about others' movement to adjust performance and ultimately co-adapt to each other. Yet, a mechanistic understanding of how sensorimotor control comes into place to enable interpersonal coordination is still lacking. By examining movement intermittency, we here open a window into the dynamics of visuomotor loop control during interpersonal coordination. Specifically, we analysed submovements, i.e., recurrent (2-3 Hz) force pulses that are naturally engraved in our kinematics and deemed to reflect intrinsic intermittency in (visual-based) motor control. Participants were asked to synchronize rhythmic (0.25 Hz) finger flexion-extension movements. Besides synchronization at the common movement pace, finger velocity shows 2-3 Hz discontinuities that are consistently phase-locked between the two interacting partners. Notably, submovements alternate in a seemingly counterphase pattern, showing highest probability ~200ms before as well as after submovements generated by one's partner. Further, when the real partner is replaced by an unresponsive partner - a dot moving according to a pre-recorded human kinematics - submovements systematically follow the dot submovements, indicating that movement intermittency is causally linked between partners. These results show that submovements are actively adjusted (inter-locked) during interpersonal coordination. Visuo-motor loop dynamics of interacting individuals can thus couple to optimize synchronization of the sense-and-correct process that is required for behavioural coordination.

Analysis of Current on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of A53 Gr B Material with Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process

The welding use correct process parameters will produce joint with optimum in mechanical properties. The current is a very important process parameter in welding. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process carbon steel A53 Gr B uses current variations can be an option to get the best quality joints. The purpose of this research is to get optimum mechanical properties and microstructure by varying the current. The experimental method uses GTAW process by varying current in welding A 53 Gr B using a single V butt joint and a 5G welding position, the Argon protective gas flow rate of 15 liters per minute with filler rod ER 70 S-6. This process also uses 11-13 Volt voltage with DCEN polarity and current 70, 90, and 110A. Based on ASME Section IX, the test results show that the specimen with a current of 90A gives optimum results with a tensile strength of 480 MPa and a hardness value of 190 HV, whereas specimens with welding current of 70A bring incomplete penetration defects in the weld area. The use of welding current 90A in this research provides welding results with better mechanical properties and microstructure compared to the use of currents of 70 and 110A

ERGONOMIC EVALUATION AND RISK MANAGEMENT OF MANUAL MATERIAL HANDLING ACTIVITIES

Manual material handling follows in nearly all working surroundings, although labors in agriculture fields, construction sites, restaurants, and hotels area are likely to be working with heavy jobs in terms of weight, currencies, Manual handling of the heavy load may turn in to a growing disorder due to the steady or increasing drop of the musculoskeletal system due to constant material lifting / handling events. It may also reason to acute trauma like bone fractures or skin cuts from accidents. One must begin to identify the correct process of methods to deal with each material to solve the problem. Adherence to standard procedures for long-term resolution of the long-term effects caused by incorrect manual material handling, is addressed through specially designed workouts after or before work and, ultimately, also automated technology Or involved in providing assistance through manual tools that assist the user in dealing with content. The proposed task is to conduct studies to identify process issues and future results and to provide solutions to the industry by means of analysis and following standard procedures. This paper mainly deals with issues directly or indirectly in many aspects and discusses solutions implemented to deal with manual content in various industry. The study concluded with a novel automation solution for rapid analysis of effects due to manual analysis that could take years to identify.

ALGORITHM FOR CONSTRUCTING A REACHABILITY TREE FOR STOCHASTIC PETRI NETS

Описываются основные определения дерева достижимости сетей Петри. Также рассматриваются различные примеры стохастических сетей Петри, в которых после выставления начальных маркировок в первых позициях определяются значения во всех остальных позициях. Показаны примеры определения маркировок при помощи высчитывания вектора диагональной свертки. Для каждого примера стохастической сети Петри проводится анализ данной сети. Данный анализ необходим для различных распределительных систем и процессов, особенно на заключительном этапе. Основными методами анализа являются дерево достижимости и матричные уравнения. Рассматривается один из таких методов анализа сетей Петри. С использованием дерева достижимости можно проанализировать, выявить и исправить сбои в процессах, которые могут произойти при наличии тупиковых состояний и при неправильной последовательности срабатывания переходов. Исходя из рассмотренных примеров предлагается обобщенный алгоритм построения дерева достижимости для стохастических сетей Петри. Предложенный алгоритм построения дерева достижимости стохастических сетей Петри можно применять для всех сетей как с конечным, так и с бесконечным множеством достижимости. Данный алгоритм будет являться полезным инструментом при анализе стохастических сетей Петри The article describes the basic definitions of the reachability tree of Petri nets. It also considers various examples of stochastic Petri nets, in which, after setting the initial markings in the first positions, the values in all other positions are determined. The work shows examples of determining markings by calculating the vector of the diagonal convolution. Each example of a stochastic Petri net is analyzed. This analysis is necessary for various distribution systems and processes, especially in the final stage. The main analysis methods are reachability tree and matrix equations. I consider one of such methods for analyzing Petri nets. Using the reachability tree, you can analyze, identify, and correct process failures that can occur when there are deadlocks and when transitions are fired incorrectly. Based on the examples considered, I propose a generalized algorithm for constructing a reachability tree for stochastic Petri nets. The proposed algorithm for constructing the reachability tree of stochastic Petri nets can be applied to all nets with both finite and infinite reachability sets. This algorithm will be a useful tool for analyzing stochastic Petri nets

Characterization of mechanical behaviour of aluminum powders under fast dynamic conditions

Cold spray is a process belonging to the thermal spray family, characterized by relatively low temperatures and high particle velocities. Upon impact, particles undergo large plastic deformation at solid state in dynamic regime up to 109 s-1. The knowledge of powder behaviour in such conditions is essential to catch key phenomena in cold spray and a necessary step for a correct process modelling. However, little is known on mechanical behaviour of feed-stock powders when submitted to cold spray conditions. In this study, an approach focused on single particles combining laser shock induced impact, namely LASHPOL (LAser SHock POwder Launcher), and quasi-static compression was therefore developed. This method was applied in this study on spherical Aluminium powders but can work with any other powder material. The mechanical behaviour of powders was characterized and used to fit the parameters of Johnson-Cook constitutive model, by means of finite element inverse method. The combination of static and dynamic tests resulted in an original characterization of powder, which revealed having a different mechanical behaviour than the corresponding bulk material.

CREATION OF AUTOMATED LOW-INTENSITY IRRIGATION SYSTEMS CONTROLLED THROUGH AN INTERNET CHANNEL IN AZERBAIJAN (ASMO)

With the correct process management, low-intensity irrigation allows not only to drastically reduce water consumption for irrigation of agricultural crops, but also to provide the necessary microclimate for plants and the supply of water and fertilizers in the required amount directly to the root zone of plants, which contributes to the earlier entry of plants into the season fruiting and increased productivity while reducing water per unit of crop and reducing production costs. For this, we have developed a perfect safe technological system of automated irrigation based on IDAD with automated control of the controlled potential moisture supply of the plant, an optimized irriga-tion regime taking into account the controlled soil and agroclimatic parameters that affect the growth and develop-ment of the plant phase, while maintaining the ecological environment that contributes to obtaining a guaranteed and high-quality yield per unit area meeting the requirement of mi ovyh standards. The system of low-intensity irri-gation created by the results of the study compared to traditional surface irrigation methods is more technologically demanding and in the remote areas from settlements it is difficult to provide qualified service; to ensure their possi-ble efficiency, they require complex automation of the irrigation technological process.

Development of an Analytical Model to Describe the Disperse Melting in Wave-Dispersion Screws

The progressive development of new screw concepts in single screw extrusion also makes it necessary to develop new models for the correct process description. When looking at wave-dispersion screws, the disperse melting behavior should be mentioned in particular, which has so far been less researched and modeled than the conventional melting behavior, as it occurs in standard screws. Therefore, an analytical model is presented in this paper, which considers the disperse melting under consideration of the melt and solid temperature. The basic assumption is Fourier heat conduction from the melt surrounding the particles into the particles. Furthermore, the melt temperature development by dissipation and the cooling effects were modeled analytically. Additionally, the solid bed temperature was modeled by a 2D-FDM method. By dividing the screw into several calculation sections with constant boundary conditions, it was subsequently possible to calculate the melting process over the screw length. The model developed shows comprehensible results in verification and successfully reproduces the solids content over the screw length with a mean deviation of absolute 11% in validation tests using cooling/pulling-out experiments.

In depth study of lead frame tape residuein quad flat non-leaded package

Purpose Lead frame tape is a crucial support for lead frames in the IC assembly process. The tape residue on the quad flat non-leaded (QFN) could result in low reliability and failure in electrical conductivity tests. The tape residue would affect overall performance of the chips and contribute to low pass yield. The purpose of this paper is to present an in-depth study of tape residue and factors that may affect it. Design/methodology/approach An experiment using lead frame and tapes from three manufacturers with two types of die bond adhesives, namely, die attach film (DAF) and wafer back coating (WBC), was conducted. Copper (Cu) wire bonding and die bonding performances were measured in terms of process capability, stitch bond strength and die attach strength. Findings Results showed that no tape residue was observed on the thermoplastic adhesive-based lead frames manufactured by Hitachi after the de-taping process because of the tape’s thermoplastic adhesive properties. Originality/value This paper studies the occurrence of tape residue and a viable solution for it through the correct process optimization and combination of semiconductor manufacturing materials. Factors that may affect tape residue have also been studied and further research can be done to explore other options in the future as an alternate solution.