Examining the impact of both legal and nonlegal factors on following a vehicle too closely utilizing three deterrence-based theories

Following a vehicle too closely (otherwise known as tailgating) is a high-risk behavior and major contributor to motor-vehicle collisions and injuries. Both legal and nonlegal countermeasures are currently in place in an attempt to prevent this behavior, yet there has been limited research that has examined the effectiveness of both legal and nonlegal factors on engagement in the behavior. Therefore, this research utilized a combination of the three most salient deterrence-based theories used in road safety to understand the impact of both legal and nonlegal sanctions on following a vehicle too closely. A survey was completed by 887 Queensland drivers aged 17–84 years ( Mage = 49 years; 55% males). Variables from Classical Deterrence Theory, the reconceptualized deterrence theory and the extended deterrence-based model (that includes perceived internal loss, physical loss, and social sanctions), as well as measures of following a vehicle too closely were used. The majority of the sample (98%) reported following a vehicle too closely at some point, with the average frequency ranging from rarely to sometimes. Significant predictors of more frequent unsafe following distances included: being male, younger in age, and avoiding punishment for the behavior. Meanwhile, significant predictors of less frequent unsafe following distances included knowing others who have been punished for the behavior, as well as fearing the physical and internal losses resulting from unsafe following distances. Notably, the severity of the punishment was also a significant deterrent, while the perceived certainty of being apprehended for the offence was low and did not impact engagement in behavior. These results have a number of important implications on how to maximize both legal and nonlegal countermeasures to further prevent following a vehicle too closely.

Psychiatric and Medical Co-morbidities among the substance abusers presenting at Patna Medical college- A clinical study

Background: The link between hazardous types of illegal drug use and significant public health issues is a critical issue for national and international drug policy. There are several negative health effects connected with drug use, with the avoidance of both overdosefatalities and drug-related blood-borne diseases being of special importance. However, there has been an increasing understanding in recent decades that the existence of mental illnesses connected with drug use poses a significant barrier for public health interventions. Aims and Objectives: • To investigate the trend of drug misuse in North Bihar Patients. • To determine the co-morbid & psychiatric medical illnesses. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional research conducted over a one-year period on 200 drug abusers from North Bihar and presenting at Patna Medical College in the Indian state of Bihar. Individuals from the sample were separated into two groups based on their age (<25 Years & >25 years) and gender. The pattern of drug abuse, as well as the mental and medical co-morbidities that were linked with it, were investigated in relation to age and gender. Results: The sample size of the present study was 200 consisting of 183 males and 17 females. The total sample was analyzed separately with respect to age and sex. There were 55 patients below 25 years and 128 patients’ ≥ 25 years. The study found that 91.5% of substance abusers were males. Among the males, 48.6% were abusing alcohol and 19.1% were abusing polysubstance. 18.6% were intravenous drug abusers and 8.2% showed high risk behavior. Among the females, 29.4% of the female patients were abusing alcohol. The percentage of women abusing poly-substance was 35.3% and poly-substance and alcohol was 17.6%. The number of female patients involved in high-risk behavior was only 11.8%. Intravenous drug abuse and high-risk behavior was commoner in age group < 25 years than in the age group of >25 years. 17.5% received a psychiatric co-morbid diagnosis and 38.5% received a medical co-morbid diagnosis. The prevalence of schizophrenia and depression among male patients with mental co-morbidity was 63.3 % (n=19), with depression accounting for 6.7 % (n=2). On the other hand, only five female patients, were found to have mental co-morbidity. Conclusion: The large number of young individuals taking intravenous drugs in north Bihar reflects the high level of human-to-human contact with bordering North-Eastern states and Nepal. The situation is critical, and immediate action is required.

High Risk Behavior, Knowledge and Attitudes of Adolescent Health: A Study from Rajshahi City Corporation Area of Bangladesh

Background: Adolescence is one of the most dynamic stages of human growth and development. It is an important issue in Bangladesh as well as in the world. Reproductive health of adolescents is strongly affected by sociodemographic factors. The purpose of this study was to establish the factors that influence on high-risk behavior, knowledge and attitudes of adolescent, which were regarded as determinants. Data and Methods: Socio-demographic, health related behavior was collected from 1084 adolescence girls in Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) area, Bangladesh. Bivariate analysis has been used to show the association between the reproductive health knowledge with some socio-demographic and health related characteristics. In multivariate analysis, binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effects of the various factors to reproductive health knowledge among female adolescent. Findings: Education is an important determinant of adolescent health. Most the respondent is secondary level of education, which was 64.2%. The study result shows that 37.6% adolescent girl has knowledge about adolescent health care. It also shown that very few numbers of adolescent have idea about abortion, reproductive health knowledge about pregnancy avoids method and family planning method but maximum respondent heard about idea about sex, marriage and knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Logistic regression analysis findings specify that respondent in the age group 15-19 years is more expected to in turn ever having accomplished knowledge about adolescent health. Sexual violence is directly related to the duration of marriage. Married respondents have 0.221 (27.9%) times lower experienced to knowledge about adolescent health than that of the unmarried respondents. Conclusion: This study needs to strengthen public-private sector partnership and stakeholder participation, active involvement of adolescents in their reproductive health matters. Respondent educational qualification has positively significant effect on knowledge about adolescent reproductive health. Age of respondents, Idea about pregnancy, Idea about abortion, Physical problem during menstruation, knowledge about pregnancy has also significant effect on knowledge about adolescent reproductive health. The most effective interventions are probably structural changes to improve people daily life with families and peers and access to improve education.

THE EFFECT OF PERCEPTION ON HIGH RISK TAKING BEHAVIOR AND VOCABULARY MASTERY TOWARDS STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILL

<p>Abstract: This research aims to determine the effects of perception on high risk-taking behavior and vocabulary masteries on the students’ speaking skills. The methodology used in this research is a survey method. The hypothesis test is 1) there are any significant effects of perception on high risk-taking behavior and vocabulary mastery jointly towards the students’ speaking, Sig. 0,000&lt;0.05 and Fo=38.336. Perception on high risk-taking behavior and vocabulary masteries variables together accounted for 48,1% of the variable students’ speaking skill. 2)there is a significant effect of perception on high risk-taking behavior towards the students’ speaking, Sig.= 0.002&lt;0.05 and ?o=3,269. Perception high risk-taking behavior accounted for 18,47 % of the increase of the students’ speaking skills. 3)there is a significant effect of the vocabulary mastery towards the students’ speaking, Sig.=0,000&lt;0,05 and to=7.224. Variable vocabulary mastery accounted for 29,39% of the increase of the students’ speaking skills. In conclusion, teachers are recommended to enhance students’ perception of high-risk behavior and vocabulary masteries to improve their speaking skills.<br />Keywords: perception, high risk-taking behavior, vocabulary mastery, speaking skill</p>

Adolescent Mental Health: Impacts on Individuals and Societal Perspectives

This article is devoted to exploring the mental wellbeing problems of youth and the ones that occur in their everyday lives. The study was carried out using a random survey of 150 teens. more teenagers (neglect or physical and family influence) are conditions that influence teenage mental wellbeing, the study on 150 adolescent subjects revealed that 45% (dispute and family) caused these (high risk behavior). The adolescent has to deal with numerous conditions, both positive and negative, that stem from the background around them. It can also affect the appearance of mental health conditions such as insomnia, sleep disorders, and some times nervous anxiety. Additionally, mental health conditions are also stigmatized in the general public eye. Thus, substantial mental health education is essential for the general population to remember.

High Risk Behaviour Tertular HIV/AIDS pada Anak Buah Kapal

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the high risk behavior of contracting HIV / AIDS on ship crews in Makassar City. This type of research is a quantitative study with a cross sectional study design. The results showed that there was no influence of knowledge and support from health workers with the high risk behavior of contracting HIV / AIDS on ship crew at Soekarno-Hatta Port because crew members already know a lot about transmission from HIV / AIDS and are also supported by the education level of ABK (p. value> 0.05). In conclusion, knowledge and the role of health workers had no effect on the high risk behavior of contracting HIV / AIDS among ship crew. Keywords: Crew, Behavior, High Risk

E-cigarette Use and Risk Behaviors among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adults: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Survey

Introduction: We studied prevalence of e-cigarette use among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals and its association with risk behaviors. Methods: Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey, we assessed self-reported sexual orientation, e-cigarette use, cigarettes, marijuana, smokeless tobacco, and high-risk behavior (using non-prescribed drugs, treatment for sexually transmitted disease, or receiving monetary or drug compensation in exchange for sex in the previous year). We used multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models to study the association between LGBT and risk behaviors. Results: Prevalence of e-cigarette use among LGBT adults was 13%, nearly twice that of heterosexual adults. LGBT were more likely [Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)] to report current use of e-cigarettes 1.84 (1.64,2.06), cigarettes 1.61 (1.49,1.73), marijuana 2.37 (1.99,2.82), and high-risk behavior 3.69 (3.40,4.01) compared to heterosexual adults. Results for smokeless tobacco were not significant. Conclusion: There are disparities in e-cigarette and other risk behaviors among LGBT adults, which may increase risk of adverse health effects in this vulnerable population.