Vertical differentiation of pedogenic iron forms – a key of hydromorphic soil profile development

This paper focuses on the vertical distribution and characterisation of pedogenic iron forms in a Gleysol- Histosol transect developed in a marshy area in the Danube-Tisza Interfluve, Hungary. Four soil profiles were investigated along a series of increasing waterlogging and spatial and temporal patterns of hydromorphic pedofeatures (characteristics of pedogenic iron forms) were recorded. Frequent and wide-range redox potential (Eh) changes caused the emergence of many types of redoximorphic iron features, including mottles, plaques and nodules. The forms of these features depended on the micro-environments determined by the vertical position in the soil profile and the presence of plant roots. The greatest iron enrichment occurred in the zone of most intensive and widest-range redox fluctuations. Increasing water saturation resulted the extension of gleyic pattern due to the existence of permanent reduction. Most of the features also showed annual variations during the varying periods of water saturation and aeration.

Concentration of Manure on Carica Papaya L Growth

This study aims to assess growth andproduction of solo papaya (Carica papaya L., 2n =18) in Kabupaten Jember and the effect of givinghormones and formula drum fertilizers. separate plotdevice, consisting of 2 factors with 3 levels ofvariation each, was used. Main Factor is a hormonerepresented by gibberellic acid (GA3) and thesynthetic auxin Trichloro acid fenoxi acetate (2-4-5-T). The secondary factor is manure which consistsof organic manure (OF); organic + mineralfertilizers (FOM) and liquid fertilizers (FL). Thistest characterized by 9 maintenance (GA3 + FO,GA3 + FOM (organic and mineral fertilizers), GA +FL (liquid fertilizer); 2-4-5-T + FO, 2-4-5-T +FOM, 2-4-5-T + FL; SH (without hormones) + FO(organic fertilizer); SH + FOM and SH + FL). Thatis done on tropical hydromorphic soil whichcontains a lot of iron with a strong water surface.Every treatment applied to 3 rows of 4 plants.Judging from the research application, thecombination hormone (GA3 + 2-4-5-T) and organicfertilizer + stimulating drum fertilizer formulagrowth and application of hormones (GA3 and 2-4-5-T) in papaya trees may reduce planting -flowering cycle and early setting of fruit

Spatialization of Granulometric and Chemical Characteristics in Irrigated Hydromorphic Soil

Lowlands represent a significant portion of agricultural areas in the world. Thus, understanding the spatial variability of the chemical and granulometric characteristics of hydromorphic soils can contribute to improving soil management and fertility. The objective of this work was to characterize spatial dependence, spatialized chemical attributes, granulometry, and the ideal number of samples in irrigated hydromorphic soil. Soil sampling was conducted in a grid of 10x10 m, in the layers of 0–0.1 and 0.1–0.2 m, totalling 432 composite samples. The evaluated attributes are as follows: pH in water, H+Al, SOM, Ca, Mg, Al, P, K, CTC, V%, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, clay, silt, and sand. The texture of the area was classified as loamy–sandy and free in the 0–0.1 and 0.1–0.2 m layers, respectively. The coefficient of variation of the attributes ranged from 2.71% (0–0.1m) to 149.07% (0.1–0.2m). All the attributes studied exhibited moderate to strong spatial dependence. The sample grid with a sampling interval of 20 m referring to the 0–0.1 m layer proved to be adequate. The ideal number of simple samples per composite is 19 for granulometry and macronutrients, and 28 for the micronutrients in the 0–0.1 m layer.

Mollusks as Indicators of the State of Soil and Water in Uzbekistan

The work examines the vital activity of mollusks. About 160 species of terrestrial mollusks have been identified in Uzbekistan. It has been established that 12 species of terrestrial mollusks live on the plains in the steppe serozem soils at heights. Psychromezobionts live in hydromorphic soil among turf and under stones. Typical and dark soils are home to over 20 species of mollusks. On brown, brown-mountain-forest, light-brown meadow-steppe soils, 4 species of endemic mollusks live. Brackish-water mollusks were also found, which are divided into eurygane, living in a wide range of water salinity, and stenohaline, living in a narrow range of water salinity. Mollusks-indicators of the type and condition of the soil have been determined. In conclusion, the author concludes that it is necessary to further study the species composition and indicator role of mollusks in Uzbekistan.

Changing the properties of samples after extraction from wet soil: a short review

Laboratory-dried specimens yield distorted information about the state of hydromorphic soil. Changes in the gas medium, humidity, temperature, aggregation capacity and illumination have an irreversible impact on the dried and powdered soil specimen. Properties of the dried hydromorphic soil can be altered significantly. Most altered are (1) the colour of the hydromorphic soils, (2) the рН value, and (3) the content of mobile trace metal (TM) compounds after drying the wet soil. Colour change (browning) of the hydromorphic soil is related to the oxidation of Fe(II). In a highly ferruginous soil, the browning is rapid and visible even to the naked eye. In the weakly ferruginous gley, the colour change is invisible to the naked eye, but instrumental field measurements reveal a slow and slight yellowing of the dried gley. In dried soils, laboratory рН values determined in soil suspension differ from the values determined in soil solution at the same time. The process of drying provokes a significant decrease in the content of mobile TM compounds, resulting in the illusion of less soil contamination than the real situation during hydromorphic soil humidification. When studying hydromorphic soils, it is desirable to accomplish the maximum possible field measurements. Laboratory analyses should only be carried out for specimens stored under dark conditions since they retain the initial humidity, temperature and gas composition.

Physical, Chemical, Morphological and Mineralogical Characterization Surface and Subsurface in Hydromorphic and Non-hydromorphic Soil of the Central Amazon

Amazonian soils have some physical, chemical and mineralogical differences, understanding the differences is important to understand the behavior of nutrients in the soil, especially phosphorus. The study was carried out in two types of soils: a Hydromorphic soil profile and a Non-hydromorphic soil profile in the Central Amazon region of Brazil, located in the metropolitan area of Manaus. Five depths were sampled: 0.00-0.05; 0.05-0.1; 0.1-0.2; 0.2-0.4; and 0.4-0.6 m. Physical, chemical, mineralogical and morphological attributes of both soils were studied. With the exception of clay, the levels of sand and silt remained stable in depth. The levels of organic matter gradually decrease in depth. The pH in water and in KCl, ∆pH, point of zero load, were similar between the surface and subsurface soils. Al3+, H++Al3+, CECt, CECT and clay activity were similar in Non-hydromorphic soil and increase in surface (< 0.2 m) and stabilize in subsurface (> 0.2 m). In both soils, the bases are reduced in subsurface (> 0.2 m). Aluminum and iron oxalate reduce with greater expressiveness in Non-hydromorphic soil. Aluminum and dithionite iron exhibit the same behavior. The levels of Goethite (Gt) and Hematite (Hm) are high in depth in the Non-hydromorphic soil and decrease in the Hydromorphic soil. There are sensitive distinctions between soils, due to the imposed edaphoclimatic conditions.

The amazing diversity of the genus Monospilus Sars, 1862 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Aloninae) in South America

The main goal of this paper is to describe three new species of the genus Monospilus Sars, 1862 (Crustacea: Cladocera). Monospilus macroerosus sp. nov. differs from other species of the genus in several peculiar morphological traits, the most striking being the presence of a saw-shaped pecten of teeth on the postabdominal claw. This species inhabits semiterrestrial habitats (wet leaf litter on hydromorphic soil from gallery forest), exhibiting adaptations related to movement and food handling in this type of habitat. Monospilus brachyspinus sp. nov. inhabits truly aquatic habitats, where lives being associated with macrophytes and submerged leaves. It may be recognized by the postabdominal claw, which is armed with proximal spinulae modified in a short spine. In Monospilus sp., the proximal spinulae are modified in a long and slender spine. So far, Monospilus sp. occurs in southern South America, while Monospilus macroerosus sp. nov. and Monospilus brachyspinus sp. nov. occur in the Cerrado biome in Brazil, in the central portion of South America. Some conclusions about the conservation status of new species also are made.