Nutrition

Malnutrition, health and survival?, Measuring nutritional status?, Pathophysiological consequences of severe malnutrition?, Clinical assessment of nutrition?, Medical management within inpatient therapeutic nutrition programmes?, Inpatient therapeutic nutrition programme?, Outpatient therapeutic nutrition programme?, Supplementary feeding programmes?, HIV/AIDS and malnutrition?, Severe malnutrition in infants months old?, Pregnancy?, Nutrition in emergencies?, Recipes and formulas for management of malnourished children?, Vitamin A deficiency?, Vitamin B thiamine deficiency: beriberi?, Vitamin B riboflavin deficiency?, Vitamin B niacin deficiency: pellagra?, Vitamin B pyridoxine deficiency?, Vitamin B deficiency?, Folate deficiency?, Vitamin C deficiency: scurvy?, Vitamin D deficiency: rickets/osteomalacia?, Vitamin E alpha-tocopherol deficiency?, Vitamin K deficiency?, Iodine deficiency?, Zinc xxx, Other micronutrients?, Obesity?

Deficiency of Vitamin B-Complex and Its Relation with Body Disorders

Vitamins B denote to some diverse kinds of vitamins which collectively, are recognized as B-complex vitamin. At hand are eight types of vitamins in vitamin B complex; thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folate (B9) also known as folic acid and cobalamin (B12). B vitamins have a direct impact on body energy levels, brain function and cell metabolism. There is a roundup of four top causes of vitamin B deficiency; a non-balanced diet, excessive alcohol consumption, various medications and gut malabsorption conditions. Deficiencies in these B vitamins can lead to a number of different symptoms like paresthesias, peripheral neuropathy, psychosis and heart attack and stroke over time if the deficiency is not reversed. Vitamins are found in highest abundance in meat, eggs and dairy or milk products such as butter, yogurt and cheese produced from milk of mammals usually buffaloes, cattle, goats, sheep and camels. Most people can get many nutrients they need, including B vitamins, by eating a varied diet of lean meats, grains, fruits and vegetables. This chapter provides an affluent of the most common types of vitamins B, including why body needs these, their deficiency symptoms and which foods contain them.

Effect of haemoglobin deficiency on cognitive functions in elderly of Bangalore city

Adequate nutrition is fundamental to healthy ageing. Among older adults with anaemia, approximately one-third have evidence of iron, folate, and/or vitamin B deficiency. Lower haemoglobin levels are common in older adults and frequently are measured in clinical practice.1. To assess haemoglobin levels in elderly. 2. To assess cognitive functions in different levels of haemoglobin. This study involved 80 healthy elderly subjects with consideration of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Written informed consent was taken. For each subject, blood sample of 4ml was collected for Haemoglobin assessment. Anthropometric measurements were taken. 24-hour dietary recall, General history questionnaire and Spreen & Stauss Neuropsychology battery of tests were administered.Results were compiled and statistically analyzed. The results show that Elderly with haemoglobin deficiency had statistically significant low scores in all parameters (P < 0.05), especially with executive function & processing speed.It can be concluded that haemoglobin levels were associated with worse global cognitive function and greater decline in psychomotor speed and executive function.

The Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Vitamin B Status and Mental Health

Diet is a modifiable factor that ensures optimal growth, biochemical performance, improved mood and mental functioning. Lack of nutrients, notably vitamin B, has an impact on human health and wellbeing. The United Arab Emirates is facing a serious problem of micronutrient deficiencies because of the growing trend for bariatric surgery, including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. People undergoing bariatric surgery are at high risk of developing neurological, cognitive, and mental disabilities and cardiovascular disease due to deficiency in vitamin B. Vitamin B is involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, including γ-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline. Deficiency of vitamin B increases the risk of depression, anxiety, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, vitamin B deficiency can disrupt the methylation of homocysteine, leading to hyperhomocysteinemia. Elevated homocysteine levels are detrimental to human health. Vitamin B deficiency also suppresses immune function, increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulates NF-κB. Considering the important functions of vitamin B and the severe consequences associated with its deficiency following bariatric surgery, proper dietary intervention and administration of adequate supplements should be considered to prevent negative clinical outcomes.

Prospects for Increasing the Vitamin Value of Food Concentrates: Bouillon Cubes

Introduction. The lack of micronutrients in the diet of the Russian population continues to arouse the interest of the scientific community in the development of fortified foods. The range of enriched products on the domestic market remains quite poor. Bouillon cubes are popular in home cooking and catering. The data of the scientific and technical literature indicate an almost complete absence of micronutrients, e.g. vitamins, minerals, and trace elements, in bouillon cubes, with the exception of iodine when the formulation included iodized salt. There have also been successful attempts to fortify bouillon cubes with iron. Taking into consideration the high level of vitamin B deficiency in Russian population, the research objective was to assess the possibility of fortification of dry food concentrates to obtain bouillons rich in vitamins and iron. Study objects and methods. The research featured dry food concentrate “Dry bouillon with chicken flavor” and the vitamin and mineral premix “Kolos Forte” containing five B vitamins and iron in the form of sulfate. The content of vitamin B1 was determined fluorometrically by thiochrome method, and vitamin B2 was determined by fluorometric titration with riboflavin-binding protein. Results and discussion. The premix was selected based on a thorough analysis and systematization of the material on the research topic. The addition of a vitamin-mineral premix to the food concentrate did not affect the sensory properties of both dry concentrate and reconstituted bouillon. The added vitamins proved highly stable, amounting to 95–100%. The vitamin-mineral premix containing B vitamins and iron made it possible to increase the content of these micronutrients in a 200 mL bouillon portion to 19–30% of the recommended daily intake. Conclusion. The diet of different population groups still remains poor in micronutrients, which makes food fortification an urgent task. The present article offers a comparative analysis of the nutritional value of chicken broths and those obtained from cubes fortified with vitamin and mineral premix. The vitamin value of one portion of reconstituted broth fortified with a vitamin and mineral premix which contained 19–30% of the recommended daily intake of vitamins and iron proved 2–5 times higher than that of actual meat broths. The research resulted in a new formulation for bouillon cubes with a vitamin-mineral premix containing five B vitamins and iron. The increased micronutrient value of the developed fortified product made it possible to recommend it as an additional source of vitamins and iron.

Genes and genetics in hyperhomocysteinemia and the “1-carbon metabolism”: implications for retinal structure and eye functions

Homocysteine (Hcy), a sulfur-containing nonproteinogenic amino acid, is generated as a metabolic intermediate. Hcy constitutes an important part of the “1-carbon metabolism” during methionine turnover. Elevated levels of Hcy known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) results from vitamin B deficiency, lack of exercise, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, high-fat and methionine-rich diet, and the underlying genetic defects. These factors directly affect the “1-carbon metabolism (methionine–Hcy–folate)” of a given cell. In fact, the Hcy levels are determined primarily by dietary intake, vitamin status, and the genetic blueprint of the susceptible individual. Although Hcy performs an important role in cellular functions, genetic alterations in any of the key enzymes responsible for the “1-carbon metabolism” could potentially upset the metabolic cycle, thus causing HHcy environment in susceptible people. As such, HHcy relates to several clinical conditions like atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, cognitive impairment, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and ocular disorders, among others. This article summarizes the findings from our laboratory and public database regarding genetics of HHcy and its effects on ocular disorders, their respective management during dysregulation of the 1-carbon metabolism.

Efficient Prediction of Vitamin B Deficiencies via Machine-learning Using Routine Blood Test Results in Patients With Intense Psychiatric Episode

BackgroundVitamin B deficiency is common worldwide and may lead to psychiatric symptoms; however, vitamin B deficiency epidemiology in patients with intense psychiatric episode has rarely been examined. Moreover, vitamin deficiency testing is costly and time-consuming, which has hampered effectively ruling out vitamin deficiency-induced intense psychiatric symptoms. In this study, we aimed to clarify the epidemiology of these deficiencies and efficiently predict them using machine-learning models from patient characteristics and routine blood test results that can be obtained within one hour.MethodsWe reviewed 497 consecutive patients deemed to be at imminent risk of seriously harming themselves or others over 2 years in a single psychiatric tertiary-care center. Machine-learning models (k-nearest neighbors, logistic regression, support vector machine, and random forest) were trained to predict each deficiency from age, sex, and 29 routine blood test results gathered in the period from September 2015 to December 2016. The models were validated using a dataset collected from January 2017 through August 2017.ResultsWe found that 112 (22.5%), 80 (16.1%), and 72 (14.5%) patients had vitamin B1, vitamin B12, and folate (vitamin B9) deficiency, respectively. Further, the machine-learning models were well generalized to predict deficiency in the future unseen data, especially using random forest; areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the validation dataset (i.e. the dataset not used for training the models) were 0.716, 0.599, and 0.796, respectively. The Gini importance of these vitamins provided further evidence of a relationship between these vitamins and the complete blood count, while also indicating a hitherto rarely considered, potential association between these vitamins and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).DiscussionThis study demonstrates that machine-learning can efficiently predict some vitamin deficiencies in patients with active psychiatric symptoms, based on the largest cohort to date with intense psychiatric episode. The prediction method may expedite risk stratification and clinical decision-making regarding whether replacement therapy should be prescribed. Further research includes validating its external generalizability in other clinical situations and clarify whether interventions based on this method could improve patient care and cost-effectiveness.