Hydrogen Production from Biomass and Organic Waste Using Dark Fermentation: An Analysis of Literature Data on the Effect of Operating Parameters on Process Performance

In the context of hydrogen production from biomass or organic waste with dark fermentation, this study analysed 55 studies (339 experiments) in the literature looking for the effect of operating parameters on the process performance of dark fermentation. The effect of substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and residence time on hydrogen yield, productivity, and content in the biogas was analysed. In addition, a linear regression model was developed to also account for the effect of nature and pretreatment of the substrate, inhibition of methanogenesis, and continuous or batch operating mode. The analysis showed that the hydrogen yield was mainly affected by pH and residence time, with the highest yields obtained for low pH and short residence time. High hydrogen productivity was favoured by high feed concentration, short residence time, and low pH. More modest was the effect on the hydrogen content. The mean values of hydrogen yield, productivity, and content were, respectively, 6.49% COD COD−1, 135 mg L−1 d−1, 51% v/v, while 10% of the considered experiments obtained yield, productivity, and content of or higher than 15.55% COD COD−1, 305.16 mg L−1 d−1, 64% v/v. Overall, this study provides insight into how to select the optimum operating conditions to obtain the desired hydrogen production.

Organophotocatalytic Late-stage N-CH3 Oxidation of Trialkylamines with O2 in Continuous Flow

We report an organophotocatalytic, N-CH3-selective oxidation of trialkylamines in continuous flow. Based on the 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) core, a new catalyst (DCAS) was designed with solubilizing groups for processing in flow which allowed harnessing of O2 as a benign reagent for late-stage photocatalytic N-CH3 oxidation of natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients. These substrates bear functional groups which are not tolerated by previous methods. The organophotocatalytic process benefited from the flow parameters, affording cleaner reactions in short residence time of 13.5 mins and productivities of up to 0.65 g / day. Mechanistic studies found that catalyst derivatization not only enhanced solubility of the new catalyst compared to DCA, it profoundly diverted the photocatalytic reaction mechanism from singlet electron transfer (SET) reductive quenching with amines to energy transfer (EnT) with O2.

Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes

Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis is a rapid method to depolymerize lignocellulose to its constituent components of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The pyrolysis reaction in absence of oxygen occurs at a very high heating rate to a targeted temperature of 400 to 600 °C for very short residence time. Vapors which are not condensed and are then contacted with a catalyst that is efficient to deoxygenate and aromatize the pyrolyzed biomass. One class of highly valuable material that is produced is a mixture of benzene, toluene, and xylenes. From this mixture, para-xylene is extracted for further upgrading to polyethylene terephthalate, a commodity polyester which has a demand in excess of 80 million tonnes/year. Addressed within this review is the catalytic fast pyrolysis, catalysts examined, process chemistry, challenges, and investigation of solutions.

Development of a Continuous Photochemical Benzyne-Forming Process

A continuous-flow process is presented that enables the safe generation and derivatization of benzyne under photochemical conditions. This is facilitated by a new high-power LED lamp emitting light at 365 nm. The resulting flow process effectively controls the release of gaseous by-products based on an adjustable backpressure regulator and delivers a series of heterocyclic products in a short residence time of 3 minutes. The robustness of this methodology is demonstrated for the rapid generation of benzotriazoles, 2H-indazoles and various furan-derived adducts, facilitating the preparation of these important heterocyclic scaffolds via a simple and readily scalable flow protocol.

Bio-Adhesive Nanomedicine for Targeted Drug Delivery

The bio/muco-adhesive auxiliary agents are considered as a promising strategy for the administration of various challenging drugs including peptides, proteins and oligosaccharides therapeutics. The delivery of such therapeutics is hampered due to rapid degradation, restricted uptake, short residence time, poor solubility and limited half-life. The recent emergence of nanomedicine based on bio/mucoadhesive auxiliary agents is offering new avenues to overcome these drawbacks. Hence, it is important to understand the mechanism of nanoscale bio/mucoadhesion, protocols for investigating bio/mucoadhesive potential at nanoscale. This chapter is an endeavor to focus on the mechanism of bio adhesion and the bio/mucoadhesive auxiliary agents that are used in the design of the targeted oral, nasal, ocular, vaginal, and buccal nanomedicine with their properties that affect the bio/mucoadhesion.

Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Based G Protein-Activation Assay to Probe Duration of Antagonism at the Histamine H3 Receptor

Duration of receptor antagonism, measured as the recovery of agonist responsiveness, is gaining attention as a method to evaluate the ‘effective’ target-residence for antagonists. These functional assays might be a good alternative for kinetic binding assays in competition with radiolabeled or fluorescent ligands, as they are performed on intact cells and better reflect consequences of dynamic cellular processes on duration of receptor antagonism. Here, we used a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based assay that monitors heterotrimeric G protein activation via scavenging of released Venus-Gβ1γ2 by NanoLuc (Nluc)-tagged membrane-associated-C-terminal fragment of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 (masGRK3ct-Nluc) as a tool to probe duration of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) antagonism. The Gαi-coupled histamine H3 receptor (H3R) was used in this study as prolonged antagonism is associated with adverse events (e.g., insomnia) and consequently, short-residence time ligands might be preferred. Due to its fast and prolonged response, this assay can be used to determine the duration of functional antagonism by measuring the recovery of agonist responsiveness upon washout of pre-bound antagonist, and to assess antagonist re-equilibration time via Schild-plot analysis. Re-equilibration of pre-incubated antagonist with agonist and receptor could be followed in time to monitor the transition from insurmountable to surmountable antagonism. The BRET-based G protein activation assay can detect differences in the recovery of H3R responsiveness and re-equilibration of pre-bound antagonists between the tested H3R antagonists. Fast dissociation kinetics were observed for marketed drug pitolisant (Wakix®) in this assay, which suggests that short residence time might be beneficial for therapeutic targeting of the H3R.

ANALISIS FAKTOR PEMILIHAN KOS-KOSAN MENGGUNAKAN KMO - BARTLETT’S TEST DAN KAITANNYA PADA KEINGINAN MENDIRIKAN USAHA

<p><em>Population growth</em><em> in Indonesia especially in Jakarta can be seen as an opportunity for residential business establishment </em><em>called</em><em> </em><em>boarding houses</em><em>. The need for </em><em>boarding house </em><em>become one of the important things for residents in Indonesia, especially around the office and campus. The distribution of the population in search of employment and lecture forces the situation for the need of </em><em>boarding house </em><em>given the relatively short residence time or the relatively close location. This study aims to analyze the dominant factors that become the consideration of residents in choosing the boarding</em><em> houses</em><em> in Jakarta. Factors used in this research are facilities, price, location, security, </em><em>boarding house </em><em>environment, reputation, and reference. The study involved 34 </em><em>boarding house </em><em>residents in Jakarta. The analysis </em><em>uses</em><em> KMO-Bartlett test to analyze priority factors. The results of this study explain that the existence of public facilities for example: waiting room guests, TV watching room together, shared pantry, public toilets/bathrooms and places/buildings are well maintained </em><em>boarding house</em><em> be a major factor in consideration of residents. The next factors that become the main consideration is to choose a boarding house due to friend factor and reputation/image place/owner </em><em>boarding house</em><em>. Suggestion of this research is more emphasize on effort to make </em><em>boarding house </em><em>business in Jakarta where can consider to provide public facilities such as a comfortable waiting room that allows for space to communicate between residents and guests and also among co-inhabitants </em><em>boarding house</em><em>. Other factors such as making a small garden or providing crops are important to make the atmosphere of </em><em>boarding house </em><em>cooler and soothing. Routine maintenance such as wall painting and cleaning floors </em><em>boarding house </em><em>corridors need to be done so that residents </em><em>boarding house </em><em>feel more comfortable.</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: </em><em>boarding house</em><em>, price, amenities, environment</em><em></em></p><p> </p>