Comparison of Flotation and Screening as Separation Method in Coal Recovery From Tailings by Agglomeration

Dependency of Turkey on foreign energy adversely affects the economy of the country and may cause energy shortage in the near future. As a primary domestic energy source, coal is used for energy production in addition to imported oil and gas. However, significantamount of fine coal is lost together with tailings in coal washeries. Recovering of fine coals from these tailings will make an economiccontribution to country. In the present study, fine coals were recovered from tailings of a coal washery in Turkey by using oil agglomeration method. Flotation was used in agglomerate separation stage of oil agglomeration. Results were compared with that of previousstudy in which agglomerates were recovered by screening. The performance of the process increased sharply when flotation was usedinstead of screening in agglomerate separation stage. A clean coal with 28% ash was recovered from the washery tailings containing55% ash by 85% combustible recovery.

Energy in South Africa

South Africa’s long dependence on imported oil and domestic coal leaves it ill prepared to navigate the Fourth Industrial Revolution and decarbonization. In 1998, after a long history of state intervention in energy markets, post-apartheid policy set new market-orientated reform goals. Following a promising start, the pendulum swung back towards state intervention. In 2018 a combination of factors, including an electricity supply crisis, brought about indications of a return to market reforms, albeit an attenuated version thereof, particularly in power generation. Petroleum markets have been stuck in impasses associated with old-style regulation and social policies entangled in price regulation. Mismanagement and corruption have taken a toll as has private investor insistence on financial support. Good progress has been made in electrification, electricity subsidies for the poor, gas infrastructure, and renewable power capacity auctions. Technological innovation in renewable power offers reduced economies of scale and much promise for energy markets.

Reimaging the Routes to Resilience & Renewables in the CARICOM & OECS Caribbean

The states of the CARICOM and OECS Caribbean are small island developing states (SIDS) which are exceedingly vulnerable to economic and ecological shocks. Examples of vulnerability are the economic cost of a heavy reliance on imported oil & gas resources, and the pernicious effects of climate change. A key strategy to mitigate these vulnerabilities is to invest in renewables, increase resilience, and effect an energy transition for the Region. However, research and data on renewable energy and resilience in the region is still evolving. Further, it has become apparent from stakeholder fora such as CREF and IRAC that there are certain fundamental elements which need to be understood and addressed before the Region can achieve a just energy transition. The first is a clear understanding of what resilience means for the Region's renewable energy sector. The second relates to financing options which incorporate elements of resilience into renewable energy projects. Thirdly, in the rebuilding from the COVID-19 pandemic, it is recognised that reimagining full gender equality in the energy sector will be key to sustainable and competitive development. This Article explores the recent developments to re-imaging the route to resilience and renewables in the CARICOM & OECS Caribbean through collaborative efforts at the regional level. It also sets out the next steps in these three fundamental areas and outlines the role for future research to support these regional initiatives.

Evaluation of Oil-Based Power Generation of Pakistan. SWOT-Delphi Approach

Pakistan is heavily dependent on imported fuel for power generation. Depending on imported fuel has not only increased GHG emissions, but it has also put a burden on the national exchequer and raised apprehensions on energy security. This paper thus investigates the consequences of oil-based power generation on the economy, environment, and energy security of Pakistan. SWOT-Delphi approach has been adopted. The study discovered that the use of imported oil for power generation is detrimental to the economy, environment, and energy security of Pakistan. It further suggests that Pakistan should immediately abandon oil-based power generation and explore green energy alternatives for its sustainable economic growth. This study uses a hybrid model that combines strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat (SWOT) analysis with the Delphi method.

Institutional change in the oil industry

China and Russia, the two largest emerging economies in the world, have followed remarkably different economic development models. China emerges as a global manufacturer and is increasingly relying on imported oil to sustain its fast growth. In comparison, Russia emerges as a fast-developing economy that relies heavily on the production and exporting of natural resources. Similar to both economies, the development of the oil industry is strategically important. Taking an institutional perspective, this study compares pathways of two countries of institutional development in the oil industry. Using a historical perspective, we find significant differences in both antecedents and processes of institutional change between the two nations. The results contribute to our understanding of institution theory as applied to emerging economies with policy implications.

Oil Price, Energy Consumption, and CO2 Emissions in Turkey. New Evidence from a Bootstrap ARDL Test

The main objective of this research was to test the effect of oil prices, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth on Turkey’s carbon emissions by using three co-integration tests, namely, the newly-developed bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) testing technique as proposed by (McNown et al., 2018); the new approach involving the Bayer–Hanck (2013) combined co-integration test; and the H-J (2008) co-integration technique, which induces two dates of structural breaks. The autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), canonical cointegrating regression (CCR), and fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) approaches were utilized to test the long-run interaction between the examined variables. The Granger causality (GC) analysis was utilized to investigate the direction of causality among the variables. The long-run coefficients of ARDL, DOLS, CCR, and FMOLS showed that the oil prices had a negative influence on CO2 emissions in Turkey in the long run. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that non-renewable energy, which includes oil, natural gas, and coal, increased CO2 emissions. In contrast, renewable energy can decrease the environmental pollution. These empirical findings can be attributed to the fact that Turkey is heavily dependent on imported oil; more than 50% of the energy requirement has been supplied by imports. Hence, oil price fluctuations have severe effects on the economic performance in Turkey, which in turn affects energy consumption and the level of carbon emissions. The study suggests that the rate of imported oil in Turkey must be decreased by finding more renewable energy sources for the energy supply formula to avoid any undesirable effects of oil price fluctuations on the CO2 emissions, and also to achieve sustainable development.

خسائر المنتجات النفطية في ظل احتلال داعش

Due to the ISIS criminal gangs’ occupation of North Refineries Company, it went under sever destruction (destruction was up to 80% in some refineries,) starting from human and infrastructure losses, up to oil produced. This study has dealt with the loss of oil products only, because of ISIS Criminal gangs’ occupation of refiners and stolen all the oil products from it. The North Refinery Company includes - six refineries in Baiji refinery complex - and other five external refineries in several governorates. The total production capacity of the North Refinery Company reached 412,000 barrels per day, and the actual production of the refineries 326,650 barrels per day. The ISIS gangs theft the oil products which stored in refineries where the value of oil products sales reached (156) billion Iraqi Dinars (IQD). Since the Oil Products which are produced by the company are for domestic or export consumption as reported in this research, the quantities of production were considered as daily sales. Where the value of oil products sales reached ( 14,350 ) billion IQD per day. Here, the magnitude of the disaster is evident in the losses of oil products. The figure above represents the financial losses for one day only. The research showed the volume of these losses, that lasted for more than three years and are still ongoing. To compensate the shortage due to the occupation of the refineries and lack of production,the Ministry of Oil imported oil products [from international market] to meet the shortfall in domestic consumption; given that the import price is more than double the price of local products. So, this can be considered as an added loss to the losses of oil products calculated in this research.