Analysis Of Light Gauge Steel By Using Fem Subjected To Tension Load

The effective sectional area concept was adopted to conduct the analysis of cold-formed Tension members. ANSYS software was utilized to simulate the behavior of cold-formed steel angle under tension load. The paper describes the results from a finite element investigation into the load capacity tension members of single angle sections of 1.5,.1.6,2 3,4 mm and double angles sections of 2mm under plain (without Lipped) and with Lipped conditions subjected to tension. Numerical investigations were carried out using finite element software ANSYS. In order to simulate the experimental behavior using the analytical model, material non-linearity’s and geometric nonlinearity’s were incorporated. The ultimate strength for cross – sectional dimensions with varying eccentricity loads under tension loading conditions was achieved through the ANSYS 15.0 workbench. In the numerical investigation, 180 specimens were modeled on tensioning elements attached to bolts. To find equivalent stress, equivalent elastic strain and total deformation of single and double-angle sections were investigated.

Experimental Study on the Behavior of Tension Member Under Rupture

A steel structure is naturally lighter than a comparable concrete construction because of the higher strength and firmness of steel. Nowadays, the growth of steel structures in India is enormous. There are so many advantages in adopting the steel as structural members. Almost all high-rise buildings, warehouses & go-downs are steel structures and even some of the commercial buildings are made of steel. Tension members are the elements that are subjected to direct axial load which tends in the elongation of the structural members. Even today bolted connections play a major role in the connection of hot rolled structural steel members. In this experimental study the behavior of tension members (TM) such as plates, angles & channels have been studied under axial tensile force. There is strong relation between pitch and gauge (with in the specified limit as per IS 800:2007) in determining the rupture failure plane. In this study we intensively tested the behaviour of TM for different fasteners pattern by changing the pitch, gauge, end & edge distance and by adopting the different patterns or arrangements of bolted connection in it.

A Novel Bond Anchor for Unidirectional FRP Member: Conceptual Design and Experimental Investigation

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) is an advanced composite material with many advantages including light weight, high strength, and high fatigue and corrosion resistance, which makes unidirectional FRP suitable for tension members, such as cables, prestressing tendons, and tie rods. However, the unidirectional FRP is a typical isotropic material, which is difficult to be anchored and hence unable to give full play to the advantages of FRP. To solve the anchoring problem of unidirectional FRP member, a novel bond anchor, i.e., dissolution-rebond anchor, is proposed in this paper. In this novel anchorage system, the polymer matrix of two ends of the unidirectional FRP member is dissolved by solvent and the fibers in the anchorage length are directly bonded by the binder. Theoretical analysis was performed to illustrate the high anchorage bearing capacity of this dissolution-rebond anchor. Static tensile test was conducted to verify this novel anchor design and compare with traditional bond anchor. Results show that the novel dissolution-rebond anchor is feasible and its anchorage efficiency is significantly higher than the traditional bond anchor.

From Structure to Atoms: Compression/Tension Systems to a Molecular Tensegrity

We reconsider macroscopic structure, including tensegrity structures, as ensembles of compression (C; repulsion) and tension (T; attraction) forces, and fit them to a triangular spectrum. Then, derivative structural analogy is made to the three classes of molecular bonding, as a bridge to microscopic structure. Basic molecular interactions and their “C/T” analogues are ionic bonds (with continuous compression/discontinuous tension), or metallic bonds (with both continuous tension and compression), or covalent bonds (with discontinuous compression/continuous tension—a tensegrity structure). The construction of tensegrity sculptures of particle interactions and the covalent molecules dihydrogen, methane, diborane, and benzene using tension and compression elements follows. We derived and utilized two properties in this analysis: 1) a “simplest tensegrity” subunit structure and 2) interpenetrating, discontinuous compressive members—tension members may also be discontinuous. This approach provides new artistic models for molecules and materials, and may inform future artistic, architectural, engineering and scientific endeavors.

Evaluation of Carbon Fiber Grid Reinforced Concrete Panel for Disaster Response and Improved Seismic Performance

The purpose of this study is to enable emergency recovery of damage caused by earthquakes in structures and prevent secondary damage by controlling progressive collapse. Although there have been many previous studies using reinforcing bars and meshes, there have been few studies using carbon grid fibers as a substitute for tension members. This study aims to quantitatively present disaster response seismic performance by manufacturing concrete panels with no layers, one layer, or two layers of carbon fiber grids inserted and to compare the flexural strength and energy dissipation capacity. Flexural strength increased by 7% with one layer and 15% with two layers compared with no layer. Energy dissipation capacity increased by 30 times with one layer and by 56 times with two layers compared with no layers, and showed great improvement in terms of seismic performance. Especially because of the large increase in the energy dissipation capacity, the carbon fiber grid reinforcement method is considered to be an effective method for improving seismic performance.

Tension Stiffening Behavior of Polypropylene Fiber- Reinforced Concrete Tension Members

This paper focuses on comparing the behavior of RC tension members with and without the addition of polypropylene fibers at various corrosion levels. Eight cylindrical tensile specimens were tested to evaluate their tension-stiffening and cracking behavior. The content of polypropylene fiber added into the concrete mix was the main variable (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.0% of total volume). The corrosion level was varied from slight (5%), medium (10%) to severe (30%) and, like the other variables, applied only to 1.0% polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete (PFRC) specimens. The test results showed that the fiber addition significantly increased the tension-stiffening effect but was largely unable to reduce the effect of bond degradation caused by corrosion. Moreover, the addition of polypropylene fibers was able to improve the cracking behavior in terms of crack propagation, as shown by smaller crack spacing compared to the specimen without fiber addition at the same corrosion level.

Composite Behavior of RC-HPFRC Tension Members under Service Loads

A significant increase of the use of high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (HPFRC) to strengthen reinforced concrete structures (RC) has been noted for the past few years, thereby achieving composite RC-HPFRC elements. Such a technique tries to take advantage of the superior material properties of HPFRC in the ultimate and service load regimes. Many of the existing works on RC-HPFRC elements have focused on the strength increase at the ultimate load state and much less effort has been devoted to the serviceability response. The in-service performance of RC structures is governed by the behavior of the tension chord, which determines the crack pattern (crack widths are critical for durability) and deformations. The presence of HPFRC is supposed to improve serviceability due to its strain-hardening and tension-softening capacities. In this paper, the experimental analysis of composite RC-HPFRC tension members is dealt with. Specimens consisting of a RC tie strengthened with two 35 mm thick HPFRC layers have been subjected to loads in the service range so that the deformational and cracking response can be analyzed. The HPFRC has been a cement-based mortar with 3% volumetric amount of short straight steel fibers with a compressive and tensile strength of 144 MPa and 8.5 MPa, respectively. The experiments have shown that RC-HPFRC has higher stiffness, first cracking strength and reduced crack widths and deformations compared to companion unstrengthened RC. To understand the observed behavioral stages, the experimental results are compared with an analytical tension chord model, which is a simplified version of a previous general model by the authors consisting of 4 key points. In addition, the influence of time-dependent shrinkage has been included in the presented approach.

A simple layout optimization formulation for load-carrying tensegrity structures

Traditional tensegrity structures comprise isolated compression members lying inside a continuous network of tension members. In this contribution, a simple numerical layout optimization formulation is presented and used to identify the topologies of minimum volume tensegrity structures designed to carry external applied loads. Binary variables and associated constraints are used to limit (usually to one) the number of compressive elements connecting a node. A computationally efficient two-stage procedure employing mixed integer linear programming (MILP) is used to identify structures capable of carrying both externally applied loads and the self-stresses present when these loads are removed. Although tensegrity structures are often regarded as inherently ‘optimal’, the presence of additional constraints in the optimization formulation means that they can never be more optimal than traditional, non-tensegrity, structures. The proposed procedure is programmed in a MATLAB script (available for download) and a range of examples are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the approach presented.