Heavy metal and water quality at settling ponds of a post-mining area after reclamation and revegetation at Cibadak Sukabumi, Indonesia

We analyzed the heavy metals and water quality of a post-mining area of ​​silica for material of cement factory. The research was located in the Cibadak district, Sukabumi West Java Indonesia. The water sampling method was carried out in two locations, namely a large settling pond and a small settling pond. Water quality parameters were analyzed such as pH, alkalinity, turbidity, total organic matter, and total ammonia nitrogen. The results showed that the water in both pond contents heavy metals. The heavy metals in the form were Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Arsen (As), Ferrum (Fe), and Cromium (Cr6+) in the both settling ponds. However, in small ponds there was a higher Fe value so the water is yellowish. There is a difference in acidity showed in the two ponds, pH 3-4 in the small pond and the large pond pH 7-8. Total organic matter was higher in large pond. Small settling pond has a very low pH value, so they are classified as acidic waters and contain high iron content so they cannot be used for human needs or aquatic life. Large settling ponds can still be used for aquaculture activities.

The Role of Macrophytes in Constructed Surface-flow Wetlands for Mine Water Treatment: A Review

Constructed wetlands are a standard sustainable technology in waste and mine water treatment. Whereas macrophytes actively contribute to decomposition and/or removal of wastewater’s organic pollutants, removal of hydrolysable metals from mine water is not attributable to direct metabolic, but rather various indirect macrophyte-related mechanisms. These mechanisms result in higher treatment efficiency of (vegetated) wetlands relative to (unvegetated) settling ponds. Contribution of macrophytes to treatment predominantly includes: enhanced biogeochemical oxidation and precipitation of hydrolysable metals due to catalytic reactions and bacterial activity, particularly on immersed macrophyte surfaces; physical filtration of suspended hydrous ferric oxides by dense wetland vegetation down to colloids that are unlikely to gravitationally settle efficiently; scavenging and heteroaggregation of dissolved and colloidal iron, respectively, by plant-derived natural organic matter; and improved hydrodynamics and hydraulic efficiency, considerably augmenting retention and exposure time. The review shows that constructed surface-flow wetlands have considerable advantages that are often underestimated. In addition to treatment enhancement, there are socio-environmental benefits such as aesthetic appearance, biotope/habitat value, and landscape diversity that need to be considered. However, there is currently no quantitative, transferrable approach to adequately describe the effect and magnitude of macrophyte-related benefits on mine water amelioration, let alone clearly assign optimal operational deployment of either settling ponds or wetlands. A better (quantitative) understanding of underlying processes and kinetics is needed to optimise assembly and sizing of settling ponds and wetlands in composite passive mine water treatment systems.

Morphological Features of Plants on Ash Settling Ponds. Case Study

Owing to variable water conditions, chemical conditions of water or ash substrate, ash settling ponds belong to anthropogenic objects which do not easily undergo plant succession. However, there are plants exhibiting biological traits allowing colonisation of a substrate characterised by variability in terms of acidity and heavy metal content. The aim of the study was to determine differences in morphology of plants colonising spontaneous surfaces of ash settling ponds with variability moisture level. We identified also differences in morphology of the plants. Identified: Agrostis stolonifera, Atriplex patula, Juncus bufonius, Phragmites australis, Poa pratensis and Ranunculus sceleratus. The obtained results broaden the knowledge on the bioremediation of degraded areas, indicate species that inhabit the surface of ash settlers. Lower water level in ash settling pond I created more favourable conditions for growth of the aboveground parts of plants, and higher waterlevel in ash settling pond II contributed to a more intensive development of the root part of plants. Considering the generative factors and measurement values of the aboveground part of plants, the best adapted species were Juncus bufonius and Atriplex patula. Due to changing water level in ash settling ponds, the species to be monitored is Phragmites australis—most deeply colonising the surface of ash settling ponds.

Transformation Directions of Brownfields: The Case of the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis

Brownfields are remnants of the functional and spatial transformations of urban areas in Poland. They are particularly abundant in old industrial districts, based on coal mining and metallurgy. The aim of this study is to identify the transformation directions and functional changes of brownfields in the former Upper Silesian Industrial Region in southern Poland, which has evolved into the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis (GZM) through the process of socio-economic transformation. The study makes use of the χ2 test of independence and Cramer’s V as a post-test, and the method of in-depth interviews. The results indicate that the most popular new functions of post-industrial sites are production and services. When we consider large brownfields such as, in particular, disused mine dumps, dumping sites, settling ponds and workings, the most popular new form of land use is green spaces. Moreover, the study shows that the size of brownfields impacts their new forms of land use.

Reducing the number of microorganisms and organic carbon by implementation of APS (Advanced Ponds System) in the wastewater of dairy goat with added liquid probiotics

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Objective: </span></strong><span lang="EN-US">The </span><span lang="EN-US">activities<span> of the dairy goat group, in general, have not paid attention to the processing of livestock waste that comes from maintenance activities. For example, liquid waste from cleaning cages and livestock baths, dirt, urine, and milking activities. Dairy goat farm waste, if not appropriately managed can have a negative impact on the quality of underground water sources, surface water, and the surrounding environment. Application of the <em>Advanced Ponds System</em> (APS) system with at</span></span><span lang="IN"> part of</span><em><span lang="EN-US"> Algae Settling Ponds</span></em><span lang="EN-US"> pool size of 3 m x 1.5 m x 1.5 m with a dose of 50 ml / m³ of probiotic liquid so that 337.5 ml </span><span lang="IN">was</span><span lang="EN-US"> needed. This study aimed </span><span lang="IN">to improve the wastewater based on microbiological and psycochemical characteristics by treatment of advanced pond system with probiotic in dairy goat farm</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Methods: </span></strong><span lang="EN-US">The </span><span lang="EN-US">variables<span> observed were the content of microorganisms (<em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Salmonella</em> <em>sp</em>.) and physic</span></span><span lang="IN">o</span><span lang="EN-US">chemical characteristics (Total N, Organic matter, temperature, pH, organic carbon, C/N ratio) of dairy goat farm wastewater in the APS system at</span><span lang="IN"> part of</span><span lang="EN-US"> Algae Settling Ponds. Data were analyzed by independent samples t-test analysis</span><span lang="EN-US">.<strong></strong></span></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Results: </span></strong><span lang="EN-US">The results showed that the addition of liquid probiotic had no significant effect on temperature, pH, and C / N ratio, but affected organic carbon, <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Salmonella sp.</em> (P&lt;0.05).<strong></strong></span></p><strong><span lang="EN-US">Conclusions: </span></strong><span lang="EN-US">Based on the research results, it can be concluded the addition of liquid probiotic through the application of the Advanced Ponds System with at part of Algae Settling Ponds can be used as a solution to accelerate the improvement of the quality of dairy goat farm wastewater.</span>

Penyuluhan dan Pembuatan Settling Pond dalam Upaya Pengurangan Pencemaran Limbah Tambang

Berdasarkan hasil pengujian di laboratorium penguji Balai Pengkajin Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) NTB bahwa batuan tambang yang ada di daerah Sekotong tidak hanya mengandung emas tetapi terdapat beberapa kandungan mineral lainnya seperti P, Zn, Fe, Cu, Al, dan S, metode yang digunakan dengan AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry). Logam berat Fe merupakan logam berat essensial yang keberadaannya dalam jumlah tertentu sangat dibutuhkan oleh organisme hidup, namun dalam jumlah yang berlebih dapat menimbulkan efek racun. Untuk mengatasi masalah maka melakukan dua kegiatan yakni: a) penyuluhan tentang pentingnya kebersihan terhadap lingkungan. b) pembuatan saluran limbah agar tidak mencemari lingkungan yakni pembuatan kolam pengendapan (settling pond). Selain itu dari kolam pengendapan (settling pond) didapat lumpur dari sisa pengolahan atau penggelondongan emas, lumpur tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi barang bernilai ekonomi dan memiliki harga jual seperti bata tanpa bakar. Hasil dari kegiatan yang dilakukan yaitu pengetahuan masyarakat penambang tentang pentingnya lingkungan yang bersih dan kolam pengendapan (settling pond) dan kemampuan masyarakat tambang dalam mengolah limbah menjadi barang bernilai jual yaitu dengan membuat bata tanpa bakar. Keberhasilan dari kegiatan ini terlihat dari banyaknya masyarakat yang hadir dan antusiasnya mereka dalam mendukung kegiatan ini yakni dengan terjun langung membantu.Counseling and Making Settling Pond in an Effort to Reduce Mine Waste PollutionAbstractBased on the test results at the NTB Agricultural Technology Center (BPTP) examiner laboratory that mining rocks in the Sekotong area not only contain gold but there are several other mineral contents such as P, Zn, Fe, Cu, Al, and S, the method used with AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry). Heavy metal Fe is an essential heavy metal whose existence in a certain amount is needed by living organisms, but in excessive amounts can cause toxic effects. To overcome the problem, two activities are carried out, namely: a) counseling about the importance of cleanliness to the environment. b) making sewage lines so as not to pollute the environment, namely the creation of settling ponds. Besides that, from settling ponds, sludge is obtained from the processing waste or gold rolling, the sludge can be utilized as economic value goods and has a selling price such as brick without burning. The results of the activities carried out are the knowledge of the mining community about the importance of a clean environment and settling ponds and the ability of the mining community to process waste into valuable goods, by making bricks without burning. The success of this activity can be seen from the large number of people present and their enthusiasm in supporting this activity by jumping in to help.