Design and Implementation of a Multiband Metamaterial-Loaded Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Applications

This article presents a multiband antenna with the implementation of a metamaterial split-ring resonator (SRR), quasicomplementary split-ring resonator (CSRR), and slots to achieve octaband characteristics for wireless standards. Multiband features are accomplished by the implementation of the slot approach within the radiating section part and loading the SRR and CSRR cells. The electrical dimension is 0.256λ × 0.176 λ × 0.0128λ (32 × 22 × 1.6 mm3) of the proposed design, at a lower frequency of 2.4 GHz. The proposed design indicates the frequency-band reconfigurability nature by using the switching PIN diode placed at the slotted section of the ground plane. During the OFF state of switching, the element structure resonates in eight wireless communication bands covering various high-speed multiple applications of Internet of Things (IoT) regarding wireless standards S-band WLAN (WiFi, Bluetooth, Z-wave, wireless HART, and WBAN), lower C-band (WAIC, satellite communication transmission application), C-band WLAN, X-band (ITU region 2), Ku-band (direct broadcast satellite system and terrestrial microwave communication system service), and K-band (radar communication application) at 2.4, 4.3, 5.8, 8.5, 11.1, 13.9, 16.1, and 18.9 GHz, respectively, with S11 ≤ −10 dB. The antenna achieves an optimum peak gain of 4.23 dBi and radiation efficiency of 82.78% at operating frequency regarding wireless standards. The average efficiency of the proposed design is more than 70% for all resonant modes. The radiation characteristics (gain/efficiency/patterns/impedance matching) are shown in the stable and improved form at achieved wireless modes.

Miniaturized Broadband-Multiband Planar Monopole Antenna in Autonomous Vehicles Communication System Device

The article mainly presents that a simple antenna structure with only two branches can provide the characteristics of dual-band and wide bandwidths. The recommended antenna design is composed of a clockwise spiral shape, and the design has a gradual impedance change. Thus, this antenna is ideal for applications also recommended in these wireless standards, including 5G, B5G, 4G, V2X, ISM band of WLAN, Bluetooth, WiFI 6 band, WiMAX, and Sirius/XM Radio for in-vehicle infotainment systems. The proposed antenna with a dimension of 10 × 5 mm is simple and easy to make and has a lot of copy production. The operating frequency is covered with a dual-band from 2000 to 2742 MHz and from 4062 to beyond 8000 MHz and, it is also demonstrated that the measured performance results of return loss, radiation, and gain are in good agreement with simulations. The radiation efficiency can reach 91% and 93% at the lower and higher bands. Moreover, the antenna gain can achieve 2.7 and 6.75 dBi at the lower and higher bands, respectively. This antenna design has a low profile, low cost, and small size features that may be implemented in autonomous vehicles and mobile IoT communication system devices.

A New Solution for D2D Assisted 5G AR Communications

Device-to-Device (D2D) communications are one of the main drivers of new wireless standards. D2D improves resource utilization, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency and cellular coverage of wireless networks. In some applications like online gaming, video streaming and multimedia downloading, performances can be deteriorated for users at cell edges. This is particulary emphasises in the case of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies. AR is a highly visual, interactive method of presenting relevant digital information in the context of the physical environment, e.g. connecting employees and improving business outcomes. In this paper, a new communication scheme with D2D assistance is proposed, which can significantly increase the spectral/energy efficiency in 5G AR use cases. The proposed scheme combines multiple input multiple output (MIMO) techniques, relaying and spatial modulation (SM). It allows the formation of virtual MIMO unicast, SM multicast, and SM unicast channels between AR devices. The simulation results show that spectral/energy efficiency can be significantly increased without significantly impairing bit error rate (BER) performance.

Bluetooth Communication Leveraging Ultra-Low Power Radio Design

Energy-efficient wireless connectivity plays an important role in scaling both battery-less and battery-powered Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. The power consumption in these devices is dominated by the wireless transceivers which limit the battery’s lifetime. Different strategies have been proposed to tackle these issues both in physical and network layers. The ultimate goal is to lower the power consumption without sacrificing other important metrics like latency, transmission range and robust operation under the presence of interference. Joint efforts in designing energy-efficient wireless protocols and low-power radio architectures result in achieving sub-100 μW operation. One technique to lower power is back-channel (BC) communication which allows ultra-low power (ULP) receivers to communicate efficiently with commonly used wireless standards like Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) while utilizing the already-deployed infrastructure. In this paper, we present a review of BLE back-channel communication and its forms. Additionally, a comprehensive survey of ULP radio design trends and techniques in both Bluetooth transmitters and receivers is presented.

Analysis for Modulation and Coding Scheme with Data Rate Traffic Over IEEE 802.11AC and 802.11N in Wireless Multimedia

This paper discusses wireless traffic consisting of various types of data packets. Regardless of the type of data being sent and received, the transmission can suffer from latency problems. The wireless multimedia standard enables the service provider to prioritize voice, video, best-effort, and background data by adding differentiated services code point value to the internet protocol header. This effectively allows network users to benefit from optimal network performance while using various applications with different latency and throughput requirements. In this paper, we conducted a study of five use-cases over two common wireless standards, IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.11ac. The study was carried out by prioritizing, respectively, voice, video data packets, with lowest priority assigned to best-effort data packets. The best-effort traffic can have more bandwidth than the voice or video. Under each use case, we evaluated the impact of additional network load on video streaming.

Guaranteed Minimization of the Bit Error Ratio for MIMO Systems: A Mathematical Viewpoint

Multiplying the capacity of communication links by using the multiple-input multiple-output mechanism has become an essential part of various wireless standards. In this paper, we focus on the bit error rate in such systems and consider its optimization under parameter uncertainty from a formal point of view (including methods with result verification). The theoretical results are demonstrated using a close-to-life application.

Low-Complexity High-Throughput QC-LDPC Decoder for 5G New Radio Wireless Communication

This paper presents a pipelined layered quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) decoder architecture targeting low-complexity, high-throughput, and efficient use of hardware resources compliant with the specifications of 5G new radio (NR) wireless communication standard. First, a combined min-sum (CMS) decoding algorithm, which is a combination of the offset min-sum and the original min-sum algorithm, is proposed. Then, a low-complexity and high-throughput pipelined layered QC-LDPC decoder architecture for enhanced mobile broadband specifications in 5G NR wireless standards based on CMS algorithm with pipeline layered scheduling is presented. Enhanced versions of check node-based processor architectures are proposed to improve the complexity of the LDPC decoders. An efficient minimum-finder for the check node unit architecture that reduces the hardware required for the computation of the first two minima is introduced. Moreover, a low complexity a posteriori information update unit architecture, which only requires one adder array for their operations, is presented. The proposed architecture shows significant improvements in terms of area and throughput compared to other QC-LDPC decoder architectures available in the literature.

Influence of Noise-Limited Censored Path Loss on Model Fitting and Path Loss-Based Positioning

Positioning is considered one of the key features in various novel industry verticals in future radio systems. Since path loss (PL) or received signal strength-based measurements are widely available in the majority of wireless standards, PL-based positioning has an important role among positioning technologies. Conventionally, PL-based positioning has two phases—fitting a PL model to training data and positioning based on the link distance estimates. However, in both phases, the maximum measurable PL is limited by measurement noise. Such immeasurable samples are called censored PL data and such noisy data are commonly neglected in both the model fitting and in the positioning phase. In the case of censored PL, the loss is known to be above a known threshold level and that information can be used in model fitting and in the positioning phase. In this paper, we examine and propose how to use censored PL data in PL model-based positioning. Additionally, we demonstrate with several simulations the potential of the proposed approach for considerable improvements in positioning accuracy (23–57%) and improved robustness against PL model fitting errors.