Influence of tin doping on the liquefied petroleum gas and humidity sensing properties of NiO nanoparticles

This research deals with study of enhanced liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and humidity sensing properties of Sn-doped NiO pellets synthesized by chemical precipitation route. XRD, FTIR, SEM, and UV–Vis studies were employed to understand the effect of Sn doping on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the NiO nanoparticles. XRD results revealed that doping of tin in NiO had a significant impact on the crystallite size, peak intensity, strain, lattice parameter, etc. The calculated crystallite size of pure and 3 mol% doped NiO was 33.2 nm and 13.3 nm, respectively. SEM micrographs revealed that the structure of the samples was irregular spheres and non-homogeneous. The dependence of LPG sensing properties on the structural and surface morphological properties has also been studied. The maximum response of 30.46% to 2.0 vol% of LPG was observed at room temperature (300 K). The same sample also shows high humidity sensing response of 87.11% towards 90% RH. Graphic abstract

Fe and Mn mixed oxide catalysts supported on Sn-modified TiO2 for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 at low temperature

FeMn/SnxTiO2 catalysts were synthesized by introducing Sn as an additive to modify TiO2 supports, and the Sn doping could improve the SO2 tolerance and low-temperature SCR activity significantly.

Sn-doped CdS: A New Intermediate Band Material for Solar Cells

In this paper, the electronic structure and optical properties of CdS doped by Sn with different concentrations were investigated by first principles. The calculation results of electronic structure show that the doping of Sn can produce a deep impurity level band in the band structure of CdS. The calculation results of optical property show that Sn doping can increase the light absorption coefficient and conductivity of CdS. The overall calculation results show that Sn doping can produce stable intermediate band structure and significantly improve the optical property of CdS.

Hybrid Nature Properties of Tl10-xATe6 (A = Pb and Sn) Used as Batteries in Chalcogenide System

In future, the most common batteries will be the thallium. As there is many types of batteries but the thallium batteries are better from them. In here, we have made the compound which is more positive work than the other batteries. The different elements are doping in the tellurium telluride to determine the different properties like electrical and thermal properties of nanoparticles. The chalcogenide nanoparticles can be characteristics by the doping of the different metals which are like the holes. We present the effects of Pb and Sn doping on the electrical and thermoelectric properties of Tellurium Telluride Tl10-xPbxTe6 and Tl10-xSnxTe6 (x = 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00) respectively, which were prepared by solid state reactions in an evacuated sealed silica tubes. Structurally, all these compounds were found to be phase pure as confirmed by the x-rays diffractometery (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The thermo-power or Seebeck co-efficient (S) was measured for all these compounds which show that S increases with increasing temperature from 295 to 550 K. The Seebeck coefficient is positive for the whole temperature range, showing p-type semiconductor characteristics. Similarly the electrical conductivity (σ) and the power factors have also complex behavior with Pb and Sn concentrations. The power factor (PF = S2σ) observed for Tl10-xPbxTe6 and Tl10-xSnxTe6 compounds are increases with increase in the whole temperature range (290 K–550 K) studied here. Telluride’s are narrow band-gap semiconductors, with all elements in common oxidation states, according to (Tl+)9(Pb3+)(Te2−)6 and (Tl+)9(Sn3+)(Te2−)6. Phases range were investigated and determined with different concentration of Pb and Sn with consequents effects on electrical and thermal properties.

Investigating the Role of Surface Depletion in Governing Electron Transfer Events in Colloidal Plasmonic Nanocrystals

Doped metal oxide nanocrystals (NCs) attract immense attention because of their ability to exhibit a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) that can be tuned extensively across the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. LSPR tunability triggered through compositional and morphological changes during the synthesis (size, shape and doping percentage) is becoming well-established while the principles underlying dynamic, post-synthetic modulation of LSPR are not as well understood. Recent reports have suggested that the presence of a depletion layer on the NC surface may be instrumental in governing the LSPR modulation of doped metal oxide NCs. Here, we employ post-synthetic electron transfer to colloidal Sn-doped In2O3 NCs with varying size and Sn doping concentration to investigate the role of the depletion layer in LSPR modulation. By measuring the maximum change in LSPR frequency after NC reduction, we determine that a large initial volume fraction of the depletion layer in NCs results in a broad modulation of the LSPR energy and intensity. Utilizing a mathematical Drude fitting model, we track the changes in the electron density and the depletion layer volume fraction throughout the chemical doping process, offering fundamental insight into the intrinsic NC response resulting from such electron transfer events. We observe that the maximum change in electron density that can be induced through chemical doping is independent of Sn concentration, and subsequently, the maximum total electron density in the presence of excess reductant is independent of the NC diameter and is dependent only on the as-synthesized Sn doping concentration. This study establishes the central role that surface depletion plays in the electronic changes occurring in the NCs during post-synthetic doping and the results will be instrumental in advancing the understanding of optical and electrical properties of different colloidal plasmonic NCs.

Synthesis and Characterization of Sn/Ni Single Doped and Co–Doped Anatase/Rutile Mixed–Crystal Nanomaterials and Their Photocatalytic Performance under UV–Visible Light

Pure and Sn/Ni co–doped TiO2 nanomaterials with anatase/rutile mixed crystal were prepared and characterized. The results show that pure TiO2 is a mixed crystal structure composed of a large amount of anatase and a small amount of rutile. Sn doping promotes the phase transformation from anatase to rutile, while Ni doping inhibits the transformation. Both single doping and co–doping are beneficial to the inhibition of photoinduced charge recombination. Sn doping shows the best inhibitory effect on photogenerated charge recombination, and increases the utilization of visible light, displaying the highest photocatalytic activity. The decolorization degree of methylene blue (MB) by Sn–TiO2 is 79.5% after 150 min. The reaction rate constant of Sn–TiO2 is 0.01022 min−1, which is 5.6 times higher than pure TiO2 (0.00181 min–1).

Effect of Sn Doping on Pd Electro-Catalysts for Enhanced Electro-Catalytic Activity towards Methanol and Ethanol Electro-Oxidation in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells

Carbon nano-onions (CNOs) were successfully synthesized by employing the flame pyrolysis (FP) method, using flaxseed oil as a carbon source. The alcohol reduction method was used to prepare Pd/CNOs and Pd-Sn/CNOs electro-catalysts, with ethylene glycol as the solvent and reduction agent. The metal-nanoparticles were supported on the CNO surface without adjusting the pH of the solution. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images reveal CNOs with concentric graphite ring morphology, and also PdSn nanoparticles supported on the CNOs. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) patterns confirm that CNOs are amorphous and show the characteristic diffraction peaks of Pd. There is a shifting of Pd diffraction peaks to lower angles upon the addition of Sn compared to Pd/CNOs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results also confirm the doping of Pd with Sn to form a PdSn alloy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) displays oxygen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and carbonyl, which facilitates the dispersion of Pd and Sn nanoparticles. Raman spectrum displays two prominent peaks of carbonaceous materials which correspond to the D and G bands. The Pd-Sn/CNOs electro-catalyst demonstrates improved electro-oxidation of methanol and ethanol performance compared to Pd/CNOs and commercial Pd/C electro-catalysts under alkaline conditions.