Comparative brain analysis of wild and hatchery reared Mahseer (Tor putitora) relative to their body weight and length

The present study was aimed at comparing the brain size of mahseer (Tor putitora) in relation to their body weight and standard length, to investigate the potential impact of rearing environment on brain development in fish. The weight of the brain and three of its subdivisions cerebellum (CB), optic tectum (OT), and telencephalon (TC) were measured for both wild and hatchery-reared fish. The data was analysed using multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and discriminate function analysis (DFA). We found the fish reared under hatchery conditions exhibit smaller brain size related to body weight, when compared to the wild ones. A significant (p<0.5) difference was observed in the length of CB and OT concerning the standard body length while no significant difference was found in TC of the fish from both the origins. The results of the current study highlight a logical assumption that neural deficiency affects the behaviour of fish, that’s why the captive-reared fish show maladaptive response and face fitness decline when released to the natural environment for wild stock enhancement. The current study concluded that hatchery-reared fish exhibit variations in gross brain morphology as compared to their wild counterpart.

Morphometrics and genetics variations of mullets (Pisces: Mugillidae) from Aceh waters. Indonesia

Yulianto D, Batubara IIAS, Nur FM, Rizal S, Siti-Azizah MN, Muchlisin ZA. 2020. Morphometrics and genetics variations of mullets (Pisces: Mugilidae) from Aceh waters, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3422-3430. Mullets are one of the commercial groups of coastal fish living in Aceh waters, in Indonesia. Presently, there is limited information on the bioecology, especially on the genetics and morphometrics of these fishes. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the morphology and genetic variations of Liza macrolepis, Liza tade, and Moolgarda engeli mullets. This study was conducted from January 2018 to July 2019 in four locations along the northern and eastern coasts of Aceh. Data were obtained by measuring the morphometrics of a total of 180 samples of the species in equal ratios. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA and Discriminate function analysis (DFA). The ANOVA test showed that at least 75% of characters are not significantly different among the mullets. Meanwhile, the discriminant function analysis produces the two functions with Eigenvalue of 0.627 and 0.107 with 85.5% and 17.2% total variants, respectively. Function 1 discriminates the mullet samples into two groups; the first was L. tade, and the second belonged to L. macrolepis and M. engeli. In addition, a total of 18 samples of mullets consisting of 8 samples of the L. macrolepis, 2 samples of the L tade, and 8 samples of the M. engeli were successfully amplified from the 5' region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene using a pair of primers (Fish F1 and Fish R1). Furthermore, a total of 7 haplotype sequences were produced from the ingroup where L. tade has one haplotype, L. macrolepis and M. engeli had three haplotypes, respectively. The genetic distance analysis showed that the interspecific distance was 0.38% and intraspecific was 8.2%. Therefore, the COI gene successfully discriminated against the mullet into three valid species.

Screening of animals for subclinical mastitis; a discriminate function analysis

The study was aimed to construct a discriminate model to differentiate health status of the udder in dairy lactating Holstein cows. Though SCC is a single most reliable indicator of mastitis, a fine demarcation line to differentiate the healthy and subclinical animals based on SCC, rarely exist. The model included contributory factors such as log_SCC, stage of lactation, rainy season, stall hygiene score, udder hygiene score and milking method constructed and was found to demonstrate 89.2 per cent accuracy with p less than 0.001 and the Holstein functions at group centroids are -0.982 and 1.209 respectively for normal and mastitis infected animals. The model will facilitate 92.3 per cent of the cases to correctly classify for non-mastitis normal animals and 85.3 per cent to predict correctly as mastitis.

Sexual Dimorphism in Total Length of Fully Ossified Dry Human Left Tibia

Background: Determination of sex from skeletal remains is one of the important aspects of Osteometric analysis.Objectives: The present study was planned to collect data regarding total length of fully ossified dry human left tibia and to find out possible variations in male and female.Methodology: This analytical type of cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy at Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2014 to June 2015 for a period of one year. In this study fully ossified dry human left tibia of unknown sex were collected from In this study fully ossified dry human left tibia of unknown sex were collected from the department of Anatomy and also from the students of Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka, Ibrahim Medical College (IMC), Dhaka, Dhaka National Medical College (DNMC), Dhaka and Bangladesh Medical College (BMC), Dhaka. The study samples were distributed in male and female sex groups by discriminate function analysis. Total lengths were measured with the help of an osteometric board.Results: A total number of two hundred (200) fully ossified dry human left tibia of unknown sex were analyzed. The mean (±SD) values of total length were greater in male (38.82 ± 2.94) cm than female (33.48 ± 1.68) which was statically significant (p< 0.001).Conclusion: In conclusion the total length is greater in male compared to female.Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research 2018;5(1):7-10

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE PERCEPTION OF PRESENCE OF, AND SEARCH FOR, CALLING DURING MEDICAL SCHOOL

This study focused on the manner in which a sense of calling - presence and search - is perceived by first- and final-year male and female medical students. Differences in level of calling between first-year students and last-year students were predicted, more so for women than for men due to gender bias and family-work integration challenges. A total of 192 medical first and sixth (last) year students at the five Israeli medical schools filled-out a short self-report measure of calling and recorded demographic factors. Discriminate function analysis resulted in one significant discriminate function weighted positively on presence of calling and negatively on search for calling. Group centroids indicate that male medical students perceived presence of calling and search for calling as two poles of a bipolar continuum, whereas first-year students had a distinct feeling of the presence of calling coupled with a low need to search for calling and final-year students had a low feeling of presence of calling coupled with a distinct need to search for calling. In contrast, female medical students - both first-year and final-year - perceived presence and search as two independent dimensions that can coexist. Understanding these differences may be important in helping medical educators find gender-specific ways to maintain and enhance feelings of calling among tomorrow’s male and female physicians. Key words: gender, medical students, presence of calling, search for calling.

On Individual, Sex and Age Differentiation of Indian House Crow (Corvus splendens) Call: A Preliminary Study in Potohar, Pakistan

Considering importance of acoustics studies in population biology, 500 calls of the Indian House Crow (Corvus splendens) were recorded in morning - mid-afternoon hours (January-February, 2009) from 23 sites of urban areas of Potahar (Punjab, Pakistan). Calls were recorded using Sony CFS 1030 S sound records (sampling rate = 48 KHz) and edited using Sound Analysis Pro (Version 1.02). software using FFT method rate 50%, data window 9.27 ms, advanced window 1.36 ms. Through editing of calls, we selected 60 (37 ƃƃ, 17 ƂƂ, 6 Juvenile ƃƃ) good quality spectrograms for detailed analysis. Spectrograms were characterized by rapid frequency modulations using 6 (call pitch, mean pitch goodness, mean frequency of the calls, frequency of modulations, mean amplitude modulation, mean wiener entropy) acoustic parameters. Significance of difference was analysed using Multivariate and Discriminate Function Analysis. Calls could be assigned to correct individual in 10.8% males, 21.0% females, and 42.9% juveniles, which was significantly higher than percentage of correct classification per chance. Calls could be attributes to correct sex in 88.5% and to correct age group in 80.6% of cases.

Landmark-Based Morphometric Study in the Fore and Hind Wings of an Iranian Race of European Honeybee (Apis mellifera meda)

Honeybee (Apis mellifera ) populations are usually distinguished using standard morphometric methods, mainly based on multivariate analysis of distances and angles. Recently, geometric morphometrics, another method of statistical analysis of shape, has been developed. This research was conducted on European honeybees in Iran in 2012. Multivariate analysis on hind wings identified significant differences between honeybee populations from different areas and significant differences in centroid size of fore wings in different geographical areas (F = 10.6, p = 0.000). Populations from nine areas were classified using discriminate function analysis based on shape variables of fore and hind wings. Crossvalidation tests based on discriminant functions of front wings correctly classified 68.2% of the colonies, and cross-validation tests based on discriminant functions of hind wings correctly classified 43% of the colonies.