Myxobolus spp. (Cnidaria: Myxobolidae) in the circulating blood of fishes from Goiás and Mato Grosso States, Brazil: case report

Myxosporidiosis is an infectious disease caused by myxozoans of the Phylum Cnidaria, Class Myxosporea, and Order Bivalvulida, considered a common parasite in fresh and saltwater fishes that parasitize many organs, especially gills. In the present study, 49 specimens of fishes belonging to eight genera: Tetragonopterus, Leporinus, Myleus, Pirinampus, Rhapiodon, Pygocentrus, Ageneiosus, and Serrasalmus were collected and blood smears were made, fixed with absolute methanol, and stained with Giemsa 10% to survey hemoparasites. However, myxospores were found in the circulating blood of five (10.20%) fishes belonging to genus Tetragonopterus, Myleus, and Pygocentrus. Two morphological types of Myxobolus spp. were identified in all the five fish specimens analyzed. Usually, investigations on myxozoans in fish are carried out with the search for plasmodia or cysts in the fish organs and observation of the cavity of organs. Nevertheless, this study highlights the importance of also examining the blood of these animals, since these parasites can cause severe pathogenic diseases in fish. Thus, the blood analyses can proportionate preventive sanitary control for commercial fish avoiding economic loss.

Organ-Specific Metabolome Deciphering Cell Pathways to Cope with Mercury in Wild Fish (Golden Grey Mullet Chelon auratus)

Metabolomics is a powerful approach in evaluating the health status of organisms in ecotoxicological studies. However, metabolomics data reflect metabolic variations that are attributable to factors intrinsic to the environment and organism, and it is thus crucial to accurately evaluate the metabolome of the tissue/organ examined when it is exposed to no stressor. The metabolomes of the liver and gills of wild golden grey mullet (Chelon auratus) from a reference area were analyzed and compared by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomics. Both organs were characterized by amino acids, carbohydrates, osmolytes, nucleosides and their derivatives, and miscellaneous metabolites. However, similarities and differences were revealed in their metabolite profile and related to organ-specific functions. Taurine was predominant in both organs due to its involvement in osmoregulation in gills, and detoxification and antioxidant protective processes in liver. Environmental exposure to mercury (Hg) triggered multiple and often differential metabolic alterations in fish organs. Disturbances in ion-osmoregulatory processes were highlighted in the gills, whereas differential impairments between fish organs were pointed out in energy-producing metabolic pathways, protein catabolism, membrane stabilization processes, and antioxidant defense system, reflecting the induction of organ-specific adaptive and defensive strategies. Overall, a strict correlation between metabolites and organ-specific functions of fish gills and liver were discerned in this study, as well as organ-specific cytotoxicity mechanisms of Hg in fish.

Determination of Some Heavy Metals in Cultured Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Western Kordofan State, Sudan

The current study was conducted in two different localities have been selected in Western Kordofan State (Elsonout and Abu-zabad Localities) to evaluate some heavy metals concentrations (Copper, Cadmium, Zinc, and Lead) in three parts (liver, gills and muscles) of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in Dams, also to evaluate the same heavy metals concentrations in Dams water where Nile Tilapia is cultured. The evaluation was included the correlation of heavy metals accumulation between fish organs and water samples were compared. Finally, the results were compared with recommended levels by FAO, WHO and other international organizations. A total of 54 samples has been taken from marketable size Nile Tilapia parts (gills; livers and muscles) and subjected to analysis of heavy metals accumulations. Also, a total of 18 water samples were taken from Dams (shallow, middle and deep water). The data was subjected to SPSS using ANOVA. The findings of this work were revealed that, there were a highly significant differences (P≤0.01) in all heavy metals among gills, liver and muscles of Nile Tilapia cultured in Dams. And there was a highly significant difference (P≤0.01) in all heavy metals among gills, liver and muscles of Nile Tilapia according to localities. Anyway, when compared fish organs; we found that, gills were recorded the maximum figures in all heavy metals followed by livers and the minimum figures were recorded by muscles. The results of this study were in the permissible levels recommended by international organizations.

Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in Gerres abbreviatus (Bleeker 1850) and Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) in Kao Bay, North Maluku, Indonesia

Heavy metals have a relationship with fish organs. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of heavy metals in various organs of Gerres abbreviatus and Parastromateus niger. The research was conducted in Kao Bay waters from April to September 2019. Samples obtained were prepared at the aquatic science laboratory of Khairun University and were analyzed at the Environmental Productivity Laboratory of IPB University Bogor using the AAS instrument to determine heavy metals concentrations. The result of the heavy metals accumulation in Gerres abbreviatus meat was Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Hg > Mn > Cd. Meanwhile, the heavy metals accumulation in Roi fish (Parastromateus niger) meat was Zn > Mn > Ni > Hg > Pb > Cd > Cu.

STUDY OF GILL, KIDNEY AND LIVER STRUCTURE OF Pangasius hypophthalmus IN THE TANJUNG KUDU LAKE AND SAIL RIVERS, RIAU PROVINCE

Environmental condition and water quality in general may affects the health status of fish and it represents in the structure of fish organs such as the gill, kidney, and liver. To understand the structure of the gill, kidney, and liver of Pangasius pangasius that live in the Tanjung Kudu Lake (good water quality) and in the Sail River that has been polluted, a study has been conducted from November to December 2020. Twelve fishes (6 fishes/river) were analyzed. The tissue was formalin-fixed and processed through alcohol series, paraffin-embedded, 5m sliced and Hematoxylin-Eosin stained. The histological samples were then studied using a binocular microscope Olympus CX 21. The abnormality level of the tissue was categorized using the Histopathological Alteration Indeks (HAI). Results showed that the fish tissues from both study sites indicate light abnormality signs such as hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and lifted epithelia. The HAI was 2 for fish from the Tanjung Kudu Lake and 3 for the fish from the Sail River. This index indicates that the abnormality may be cured as the water quality improved.

Microplastic in Several Fishes at Banyusangka Waters

The purpose of this study was to determine the shape, amount, and weight of microplastics in each sampel of Tuna fish (Euthynnus sp.), Bloated fish (Rastrelliger sp.), And Layur fish (Trichiurus sp.) which have obtained, and to know the comparison of microplastics between fish. The analysis method is random sampling with a 2x sampling period, and continued with laboratory analysis. The fish organs which analyzed were focused on the digestive system by the addition of 10% KOH by 1: 3 sample weight. The filtering results are then observed in a stereo microscope to determine the shape and amount of microplastics and weighing in an analytical balance. The results of the analysis found microplastics in the form of fiber, fragments, and films, with the dominance of the total number of microplastic findings in a row is in tuna, mackerel, and layur fish. Anova analysis was conducted which found that there was no difference of microplastic between fish.

Concentration of Heavy Metals in the Biot of Lake Radoniqi and Badovci, Food Safety: Study of the Natural Environment in the Republic of Kosovo

The purpose of this research is to determine the content of heavy metals in the lakes of Kosovo, lakes with heavy metals such as: (Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu), in water and water sediment in Lake Radoniq and Lake Badovc. Determination of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As), in muscle tissue and fish organs. Parameters as an indicator of fish safety for food, indicator of environmental pollution (Kosovo lake bioten). Age of fish, the amount of fat are important factors that affect the accumulation of heavy metals in fish. This indicates that the bioaccumulation of heavy metals is a special process and indicates the concentration of heavy metals in the body of the fish. The high concentration of Fe in fish organs is of particular importance for hemoglobin and its role in fish. Metal indicators such as biocumulation factors are different, for example, for Pb can be increased with high concentrations compared to international parameters which depends on the species of fish and the location of catching s137 fish, the concentration of heavy metals in the Lake and the impacts from agricultural activities. The concentration of heavy metals in the body of aquatic life depends on the way in which heavy metals penetrate, giving the body the opportunity to detoxify them through metabolism. Metabolism means the exchange of substances, the uninterrupted exchange of matter between the living organism and the external environment. This process is the basis of life, which allows a cell to grow and reproduce, maintain its structure and respond to its environment.

Levels and Distributions of 210Pb and 210Po in Selected Seafood Samples in China and Assessment of Related Dose to Population

In this study, the activity concentrations levels of 210Pb and 210Po in the edible portions of eight seafood samples collected from the Fujian coast of China were determined. The activity concentrations ranged from 0.74 ± 0.08 to 12.6 ± 1.0 Bq/kg for 210Po and from the minimum detectable limit (MDL, 0.80 Bq/kg) to 11. 7 ± 1.1 Bq/kg for 210Pb. The 210Po activity concentration in all the fish organs ranged from 0.68 to 204 Bq/kg (w.w.), and the 210Po activity was mainly concentrated in the stomach, spleen, heart, liver, gonad, and intestine samples. The 210Pb activity concentration in all the fish organs ranged from the MDL to 15.2 Bq/kg (w.w.), and the 210Pb activity was concentrated in the head, fish scale, and gill samples. The annual effective ingestion doses ranged from 82.8 to 255 μSv/a for all age groups, and the lifetime risk of cancers were estimated. Both the effective ingestion doses and cancer risk to humans were within the acceptable ranges.